1. Chapter 25: Lesson 2 “Common STI s ”, Lesson 3 “HIV and AIDS”

2.  Key Vocabulary Terms:  Human papillomavirus (HPV)  Chlamydia  Genital Herpes  Gonorrhea  Trichomoniasis  Syphilis

3.  The human papillomavirus or HPV is a virus that can cause genital warts or asymptomatic infection. HPV is considered the most common STD in the US.  The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that 50-75% of sexually active males and females acquire HPV infection at some time during their lives. About 30 different types of HPV can infect the genital area.  Most types of HPV infections are asymptomatic. A Pap test and other medical examinations may detect changes associated with HPV. There is no treatment. However, most asymptomatic HPV infections appear to be temporary and are probably cleared by the immune system.  Almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by certain types of HPV. HPV also can cause cancers of the penis and anus.

4.  Genital warts are pink or reddish warts with cauliflower-like tops that appear on the genitals, the vagina, or the cervix 1-3 months AFTER infection from HPV. These types of warts are HIGHLY contagious and are spread by any form of sexual contact with an infected person.  It may take 1-3 months for the warts to appear, but they often disappear, even without treatment.  Diagnosis is determined by a health care worker by examination of the warts. If a person suspects he or she has been infected, examination and treatment are essential, because once infected, a person has the virus for the rest of his or her life. Treatments can rid the body of the warts but not the virus.

5.  Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females.  40% of cases are reported in teens 15 to 19 years old.  Chlamydia is asymptomatic, meaning there are no visible symptoms in 75% of infected females and 50% of infected males.  When symptoms are present, males may experience a discharge from the penis and burning upon urination. Females may have vaginal discharge, burning upon urination, or abdominal pain.  Chlamydia is diagnosed by laboratory examination of secretions from the cervix in females and from the urethra in males.  It can be treated with antibiotics, but no immunity develops, so a person can become infected again.

6.  Chlamydia often goes untreated until serious complications occur.  Chlamydia can lead to chronic PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) in women. PID can lead to chronic (long term) pelvic pain or infertility.  Chlamydia can lead to infertility in males.  Chlamydia can cause premature birth, and infants born to infected mothers can develop eye disease or pneumonia.

7.  Genital herpes is an STD caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV:  Type 1: usually causes cold sores.  Type 2: usually causes genital sores.  Both types can infect the mouth and the genitals.  Most individuals who have genital herpes are asymptomatic and are not aware that they are infected.  Symptoms typically have blister-like sores in the genital area that occur periodically.  Many people believe that the virus can be spread only when blisters are present; but this is not true, the virus can spread in the absence of symptoms.

8.  Diagnosis is made through laboratory tests on the fluid from the blisters.  Medication can relieve the symptoms but cannot cure herpes infection. Once contracted, the virus remains in the body for life.  The herpes virus is potentially fatal for infants who contract the virus from their mothers at the time of delivery.

9.  Gonorrhea is a bacterial STD that usually affects mucous membranes.  The highest rates of gonorrhea infection are found in females from 15-19 years old and in males from 20-24 years old.  Symptoms in males include a discharge from the penis and painful urination.  Diagnosis in males is made by staining and examining the discharge under a microscope.  50% of females with gonorrhea have no symptoms. Those who do may experience a vaginal discharge and pain or burning upon urination. Diagnosis in females is made by swabbing the cervix and growing the organisms in a lab.  Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics, however, increased resistance to antibiotics can complicate treatment.

10.  A person can be re-infected if exposed again to the bacteria.  If untreated, gonorrhea can lead to infertility in both males and females.  The bacteria can also spread to the bloodstream and cause permanent damage to the joints.  Females can pass the infection to their babies during childbirth. Infants born to mothers with gonorrhea can contract eye infections that cause blindness.

11.  Trichomoniasis is an STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder.  Females have no symptoms, however, the disease may result in vaginitis, an inflammation of the vagina characterized by discharge, odor, irritation, and itching.  In females trichomoniasis is diagnosed by microscopic examination of the discharge. The organisms can sometimes be seen in a Pap test.  Males usually show no symptoms. When symptoms do occur in males, they include mild urethral itching or discharge and burning after urination. Since the disease is difficult to diagnose in males, they are usually treated without laboratory testing if their partners are infected.

12.  Syphilis is an STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small bacterium called a spirochete.  The first sign of infection is a painless reddish sore called a chancre (SHAN-kuhr) at the site of infection.  The sore will heal on it’s own, but if the infection is not treated, it spreads through the blood to other parts of the body.  The disease can damage internal organs, including the heart, liver, nervous system, and kidneys. If left untreated, the person is at risk of paralysis, convulsions, blindness, and heart disease.  Syphilis can be transmitted from a pregnant female to her fetus. An infant infected with syphilis may have a damaged nervous system and can die from the effects.

13. Disease (cause)SymptomsTreatmentWhat could Happen Chancroid (Bacteria)Sores or bumps on the genitals AntibioticInfection of lymph glands in groin area, sores. Bacterial vaginosis (Bacteria) Abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, pain, itching, or burning during urination AntibioticsIn most cases no complications; can lead to PID and premature birth Hepatitis B (virus)90% of victims are asymptomatic; nausea, vomiting, jaundice, loss of appetite. Antiviral drugs, but there is NO cure Liver damage, liver disease Hepatitis C (blood- borne infection) Often asymptomaticAntiviral drugs, but NO cure. Liver damage, liver disease Pubic Lice (small insects) Itching, presence of lice and eggs in pubic hair Medicated soaps; washing of all bedding, towels, and clothes No lasting effects

14.  Prevention/Treatment of STDs is every individual’s responsibility.  STDs can cause severe, long-term health problems.  By law, information about these diseases is kept confidential.  Only a health care professional can prescribe the correct treatment, including antibiotics, for some STDs.  Individuals also have a social obligation to prevent the spread of infection.  Public health clinics sometimes help with contacting current and past partners to make sure they get any needed treatment. Ultimately, however, it is the responsibility of any person infected with an STD to notify everyone with whom he or she has had sexual contact.  Informing someone else about the possibility of having an STD could save a person’s life and shows that you understand how public health policies and government regulations influence health conditions.

15. Refusal Skills: Lines of Defense Julie has been dating Kyle for several months. She has already explained to Kyle that she wants to remain abstinent, and until now he has respected her decision. Kyle says, “Hey Jules, lets skip the movie tonight and check out the party at my buddy’s house. His parents are gone, and I hear there’s going to be a band!” Julie responds, “It sounds like fun, but I don’t know your buddy and it’s pretty far away.” “No problem, I’ll protect you!” Kyle laughs, “In fact, we’ll finally have a chance to spend some time alone.” Julie is worried about what might happen.

16.  National Health Ed Standard #5: Students will demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to enhance health.  Objectives:  Analyze the relationship between the use of refusal skills and the avoidance of unsafe situations such as sexual activity.  Apply refusal skills to resist peer pressure to engage in sexual activity.  Motivator: Discuss why the situation suggested by Kyle may make it difficult for Julie to stick to her decision to practice abstinence.  Next: work in small groups to develop possible responses Julie could use to refuse Kyle’s request.

17. What would you do? Write your group’s response, using the following prompt. Apply the following refusal skills to write a response to Kyle. Use each refusal skill. 1. Say no in a firm voice. 2. Explain why you are refusing. 3. Suggest alternatives to the proposed activity. 4. Back up your words with body language. 5. Leave if necessary.

18. 1. Which STDs might not present noticeable symptoms? 2. Analyze and explain the harmful effects of two common STDs on fetuses and infants. 3. Where can a person go for treatment of an STD? 4. Compare and Contrast. Describe symptoms of gonorrhea and genital herpes for males and females.

19. Chapter 25, Lesson 3

20.  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS- is a disease in which the immune system of the patient is weakened.  Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV- is a virus that attacks the immune system.  When first discovered in the early 80’s, 1600 cases of AIDS were reported and 700 deaths resulted from the disease.  In 2003, AIDS was the 6 th leading cause of death among adults from 25 to 44 years old.

21.  In the US, the overall rate of new cases of HIV infection has fallen slightly since the 80’s, and new drug therapies help AIDS patients live longer.  Data indicates that although new AIDS cases are declining among the population as a whole, there has been no decline in the number of diagnosed HIV infections among youth from 13 to 24 years old.  Teens have one of the fastest growing rates of HIV infection. Many young adults who are currently dying from AIDS were infected in their teens.  Infection with HIV can be prevented. Teens who chose abstinence from sexual activity and from injecting drugs greatly reduce their risk of HIV infection.

23.  Lymphocytes are white blood cells that help your body fight pathogens. Your body contains billions of lymphocytes, which are produced in bone marrow and found in the blood, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, and adenoids.  When HIV enters the blood, it invades certain cells of the immune system, including T cells, which help other lymphocytes identify and destroy pathogens.  The viruses take over the cells and cause them to produce new copies of themselves. The newly produced viruses break out of the cells, destroying them.  The new viruses infect other cells, and then the process repeats itself.  As the number of viruses increases and the number of T cells decreases, the immune system becomes less capable of preventing infections and cancer.  The body becomes susceptible to common infections and the infected individual suffers one illness after another.

24.  Because of the weakened immune system, the body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections, infections that occur in individuals who do not have healthy immune systems. These infections are difficult to teat.  HIV infection is progressive; that is, it destroys the cells of the immune system over many months or years.  Being infected with HIV does not necessarily mean that an individual has AIDS.  AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV infection.

25.  The HIV organism lives inside cells and body fluids. It doesn’t survive well in the air or on surfaces such as toilet seats or telephones.  It cannot be transmitted through food.  A person is not at risk of HIV infection by working next to or being in the same classroom as a person who is infected.  A person is not at risk by merely touching an infected person.  HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person only in certain ways- through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk.

26.  Sexual intercourse. HIV can be transmitted during any form of sexual intercourse. During intercourse, secretions containing HIV can enter a partner’s blood through tiny cuts in the body. The risks of HIV infection increase with the number of people with whom a person is or has been sexually active. Having an STD that causes sores, including chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, or syphilis, increases the risk of HIV.  Sharing needles. People who inject drugs and share needles are at high risk for contracting and spreading HIV. If a person who is infected with HIV injects drugs, the needle or syringe can become contaminated with that person’s blood. Anyone who uses that same needle or syringe can inject HIV directly into his or her bloodstream.  Mother to baby. A pregnant female who is infected with HIV can pass the virus to her baby. HIV in the mother’s blood can be transmitted through the umbilical cord and during delivery. Because breast milk can contain HIV, a baby can receive HIV while nursing.

27. HIV has NOT been shown to be spread through :  Insect bites  Sweat  Sneezing  Casual contact  shaking hands  hugging

28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVE5APDqrpc

29. 1. How does HIV attack the immune system? 2. How is HIV transmitted? 3. Teens have a high rate of contracting HIV, yet more adults die from AIDS. What characteristic of HIV/AIDS causes this discrepancy? 4. Analyze the relationship between unsafe behaviors, refusal skills, and the risk of HIV.