1. Japan and Southeast Asia SSWH0.

2. Time and Geography

3. Very Early Japan Japanese are a very homogenous people; this played a major role in its history Unsure where first settlers came from By first millennium BCE, Jomon people were living on the islands

5. RELIGIOUS

6. Buddhism and Shinto Buddhism –Zen and Nichiren sects developed after arriving from Korea –Buddhism gave religion broader, nobler intellectual content –Zen emphasized meditation techniques Shinto, “The Way of the Gods” –Close to Chinese Daoism –Combination of animism, worship of great deities –Optimistic, guilt-free world view with no theology, sacred book, or concept of heaven and hell

7. Early Government and Administration Beginning of organized large-scale government in Yamato period Yamato clan claimed descent from Sun Goddess, founded imperial family Buddhism became religion of upper class Mahayana Buddhism officially introduced to Japan in 538

8. POLITICAL

9. Early Government and Administration 17-point Constitution written in 604, stated what a government and loyal citizenry ought to do Used Chinese government model with village as foundation unit Japanese were confident to pick and choose what they would adopt Shotoku Taishi, the leader responsible for the 17-point constitution

10. Nara and Heian periods 710-1185 First capital built at Nara Buddhism began steady transformation to popular religion Imperial court moved to Kyoto in 794 Contacts with China, Korea strictly limited

11. Nara and Heian periods 710-1185 Government became struggle between all-powerful emperor and decentralized feudal lords –Emperors reduced to ceremonial figures –Fujiwara clan became power behind the throne Shogunate – true head of government was shogun (military commander) Warriors (bushi, or samurai) rose in power, with their code of conduct (bushido) Shogunate

12. Kamakura Period 1185-1333 Complete domination by samurai and their overlords Shoen: parcels of productive land, villages –Exempt from central government taxation –Shiki: privately-held rights to their use and income –Not unusual for shoen to have 3-5 lords

13. Kamakura Period 1185-1333 Bakufu: military government under shogun –Shogun was independent true ruler of Japan –Bakufu able to defeat Mongol invasion attempts

15. AESTHETIC

16. Arts and Culture in Medieval Japan Japanese and Chinese languages are radically different First Japanese books –Chronicles of Japan –Records of Ancient Matters World’s first novel. Tale of Genji –Tells great deal about aristocracy –Genji and Pillow Book were Japanese books, no foreign models –Both books written by women

17. Arts and Culture in Medieval Japan Poetry was special strength Japanese painting –Great sense of design, draftsmanship –Nature scenes, lively portraiture Great attention to cultivation of beauty; life was to be enjoyed Japanese painting

18. RELIGIOUS

19. Arts and Culture in Medieval Japan Buddhist evolution –Buddhist sects emphasized salvation through faith alone –Zen Buddhism insisted on meditation alone to purify the mind Became most influential of all Buddhist worship forms Underlay Japanese interpretation of beauty, truth Zen Buddhist monk meditating

20. POLITICAL

21. Ashikaga Shogunate 1336-1573 Ashikaga clan were shoguns, ruling daimyo (local nobles) Culmination of Japanese feudalism, period of bloody wars Contacts with China –Especially close in trade –Japanese pirates, smugglers also active Korea –Mediated China-Japan trade –Had fallen into Chinese control, but with autonomy –Government was feudal division of king, local lords –Conquered by Mongols

22. Early Southeast Asian States Enormous and varied area –Burma, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Philippine Islands –History of independent political organization until modern times when they became European colonies (except Thailand) –Mainland Southeast Asians descended from Turco-Mongolian language group –Islanders descended from Austronesian languages –Racial diversity –Chinese influence based on military, diplomacy –India’s influence through trade, culture, philosophy

23. Early Southeast Asian States Funan and Champa –Funan, Mekong River delta, conquered by Khmers –Champa, central Vietnam –Both kingdoms strongly influenced by Hindu Indians

25. Kampuchea and Sri Vijaya Kampuchea –Khmers were politically dominant group –Kampuchea was greatest of ancient mainland kingdoms –Wealth based on wet-rice agriculture –Taxation to build Angkor Wat temple may have contributed to its decline Flag-map of Democratic Kampuchea

26. Kampuchea and Sri Vijaya Sri Vijaya –Controlled much of insular region –Focused on controlling Malacca Straits trade route –Indian conquest brought organization, expansion

27. Majapahit Only indigenous empire to unify all of Indonesia Trading, commercial venture Last great Hindu kingdom in southeast Asia Failed when aggressive Islam arrived

28. Burma and Thailand Burma –Burmese kingdom centered on religious shrines at Pagan –Governing class adopted Hinayana Buddhism –Empire destroyed by Mongols Thailand –Government centered at Ayuthaya –Mongols allowed Thais to be tributaries rather than conquering them –Chakri Dynasty created most stable, administratively advanced state in southeast Asia

29. Vietnam Often-rebellious subjects of China Han ruler made Nam viet into a Chinese province Next 1000 years, imperial appointees governed it Mahayana Buddhism became dominant faith Had only southeast Asian writing based on Chinese Independent state in 939, paying tribute to China Even Mongols were repelled Maintained resistance against new Chinese invasions

31. Discussion Questions 1.Japan from the Nara Period until the 19 th century was ruled as a shogunate, with a figurehead emperor. Where else have you studied a system where true power was in military hands? What was different about the Japanese experience? Can you think of any modern nations that still have a royal family which has little except ceremonial position? 2.You have already studied about China, where a huge empire was formed, and you’ve read about several other large empires. Yet, Southeast Asia never solidified into a single unit. Why do you think that never happened? Is there anything in Southeast Asian history or culture which prevented such unification?