1. SENTENCE PATTERNS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şehnaz Şahinkarakaş

2. There are seven basic sentence patterns. Being able to recognize a variety of sentence patterns enhances your ability to use those patterns in your own writing and to understand better how grammar functions

3. Sentence Pattern 1: The Be Pattern (Adverbial) Adverbial modifies the verb (be) and answers questions like when, where, why, how. Slot 1Slot 2Slot 3 SUBJECTBEADVERBIAL Californiaisin the West US. Our final examwasyesterday. Swimmingisfor fun.

4. Exercise for Pattern 1 Identify the Adverbials 1. The performance will be next month. 2. Your teacher is on this campus. 3. Michael’s only hope was for a short break.

5. Sentence Pattern 2: The Be Pattern (Subject Complement) Subject modifiers, or subject complements, explain or rename what the subject is. Slot 1Slot 2Slot 3 SUBJECTBE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT The studentsareclever. (adjective) Studying hardisimportant. Iaman optimist. (noun phrase) Michaelwasan Olympic gold medalist.

6. Exercise for Pattern 2 Use the cues to finish each sentence with the specified type of subject complement: 1. Will you be (noun phrase)? 2. Shakespeare’s writing was (adjective)! 3. Joshua isn’t (noun phrase).

7. Sentence Pattern 3: The Linking Verb Pattern linking verbs other than be and a subject complement (which explains or renames what the subject is) Slot 1Slot 2Slot 3 SUBJECTLINKING VERBSUBJECT COMPLEMENT The pizzalooksdelicious. (adjective) The lakeappearscalm. My sisterbecamea nurse. (noun phrase)

8. Most common linking verbs Senses: taste Smell Look Feel Sound Other Become Remain Seem Appear prove

9. Exercise for Pattern 3 Look at the following pairs of sentences and discuss the differences. 1. Making a gourmet meal seems too time-consuming. Making a gourmet meal is too time-consuming. 2. The mark looked distinct, like a fingerprint. The mark was distinct, like a fingerprint. 3. Don’t be a cynic; they’re no fun. Don’t become a cynic; they’re no fun.

10. Sentence Pattern 4: The Intransitive Verb Pattern involves only two components: a subject and an intransitive verb (an action verb that requires no complement) Slot 1Slot 2 SUBJECTINTRANSITIVE VERB Marylaughed. The camera batterydied. Dogsbark.

11. Intransitive verbs could certainly be accompanied by modifiers, too. E.g. The battery died suddenly. The audience laughed at the joke. However, this does not change the basic pattern. Some common intransitive verbs: sit stand comego walkrunworkplay...

12. Exercise for Pattern 4 State which of these verbs below are intransitive. Walk Play Depart Respect Select Stand Give Scream

13. Exercise for Pattern 4 (KEY) State which of these verbs below are intransitive. Walk(√ ) Play(√ ) Depart(√ ) Respect Select Stand (√ ) Give Scream (√ )

14. Exercise Identify the boundaries in the following sentences; and then identify the pattern name E.g. The world of computers remains a mystery to my mother. The world of computers / remains / a mystery / to my mother. (Pattern 3—Linking words)

15. 1. The breeze from the neighbor’s grill smells wonderful. The breeze from the neighbor’s grill / smells / wonderful. (Pattern 3—linking verb) 2. Grace Kelly's co-star, James Stewart, was highly enthusiastic about working with her. 2. Grace Kelly's co-star, James Stewart,/ was / highly / enthusiastic / about working with her. (Pattern 2--to be + adjectival)

16. 3. Certain types of food become contaminated if they are stored in an unsafe container. 3. Certain types of food / become / contaminated / if they are stored in an unsafe container. (Pattern 3--Linking verb) 4. Tomato plants grow as a series of branching stems, with a terminal bud at the tip that does the actual growing. 4. Tomato plants / grow / as a series of branching stems, / with a terminal bud at the tip that does the actual growing (Pattern 4—intransitive) Now, go to p.23 for Exercise 4

17. Pattern 5: The Basic Transitive Verb Pattern uses transitive verbs, which must be followed by a direct object (the person or thing receiving the action of the verb) Slot 1Slot 2Slot 3 SUBJECTTRANSITIVE VERBDIRECT OBJECT My roommateborrowedmy laptop. Our secretarydistributesour weekly timesheets. Dinaspoiledher niece.

18. Exercise for Pattern 5 Determine whether the verbs below are transitive or intransitive. If a verb is intransitive, complete the sentence with a period. If a verb is transitive, complete the sentence by adding on a direct object. 1. Maggie contacted Maggie contacted me 3 times this week. 2. That novel completes That novel completes the series of his work 3. The ground shook The ground shook.

19. Pattern 6: The Transitive Verb + Two Complements (Type 1) The verb is followed by a direct object and an indirect object. (An indirect object is the object that is affected indirectly by the verb; the recipient of the direct object) Slot 1Slot 2Slot 3Slot 4 SUBJECT TRANSITIVE VERB INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT MariegaveRamona birthday gift. The nursehandedthe childa bar of chocolate. My fatherboughtmy sistera car. Shemademea delicious cake.

20. When can we change the place of the direct/indirect object? E.g. Mary gave a birthday cake to Ramon. -- if we want to put the main emphasis on Ramon. -- if we want to add a modifier. (long modifiers are generally used at the end) E.g. Marie gave a birthday gift to Ramon, a friend from her old neighborhood in Northridge.

21. Exercise for Pattern 6 In the sentences below, identify the indirect objects (IO) and direct objects (DO): 1. David handed Terrance the ball when they were done playing catch. David handed Terrance the ball when they were done playing catch. 2. Give Cindy the notice once she leaves the meeting. Give Cindy the notice once she leaves the meeting. 3. Do scientists really administer animals human medicines for official testing? Do scientists really administer animals human medicines for official testing?

22. Pattern 7: The Transitive Verb + Two Complements (Type 2) a transitive verb, which requires a direct object to receive the action, as well as an object complement to modify or rename that object Alternative use: The teacher considers the students to be hard workers. Slot 1Slot 2Slot 3Slot 4 SUBJECT TRANSITIVE VERB DIRECT OBJECT OBJECT COMPLEMENT The teacherconsidersthe studentshard workers. My mumcallsmea fool.

23. Other verbs common to this pattern: make, prefer, elect, find I prefer my coffee black. Some students find grammar challenging. The teacher made the test too easy. California voters elected a movie start as their governor.

24. Exercise for Pattern 7 In the sentences below, identify the direct object (DO) and object complement (OC) of each verb and state whether it is a noun that renames or adjective that modifies the object. 1. The baker made the bread too chewy. The baker made the bread too chewy. 2. We elected him class president because of his speech. We elected him class president because of his speech. 3. The jury found him “not guilty” of murder in the first degree The jury found him “not guilty” of murder in the first degree

25. THE OPTIONAL ADVERBIAL The optional adverbial can also be added while analyzing sentence patterns. Egs (underlined are adverbials) During the Vietnam War, Gino’s dad was a pilot. Because a weasel is wild, it should be approached with great caution. Yesterday the teacher called the students lazy when they complained about their assignment. This morning I got up early to study for my Spanish test.

26. Sentences without those adverbials are grammatically correct; adverbials add information! My friends and I have pizza regularly. My friends and I have pizza with persistent regularity. My friends and I have pizza for breakfast, lunch, and dinner nearly every day of the week. My friends and I have pizza whenever the mood strikes. Now go to page 28 for Exercise 5

27. PUNCTUATION AND SENTENCE PATTERNS Do not mark boundaries of the required sentence units with punctuation. That is, never use a single comma to separate the subject from the verb the direct object from the object complement the indirect object from the direct object the verb from the subject complement And with one exception, never separate The verb from the direct object Exception: He said, «I love you.»

28. Exercise 6 Use slashes to separate the units of the following sentences and then identify the sentence patterns: 1- be/adverbial 2-be/subject complement 3-linking verb 4-intransitive 5-basic transitive 6-transitive with two complements (direct/indirect) 7-transitive with two complements (direct/object complement

29. 1. In 1747 a physician in the British navy conducted an experiment to discover a cure for scurvy. In 1747 / a physician in the British navy / conducted / an experiment / to discover a cure for scurvy. (basic transitive) 2. Scurvy was a serious problem for men at sea. Scurvy / was / a serious problem / for men at sea. (be/subj. complement) 3. Dr. James Lind fed six groups of scurvy victims six different remedies. Dr. James Lind / fed / six groups of scurvy victims / six different remedies. (transitive-two complements/direct-indirect)

30. 4. When the men consumed oranges and lemons every day, they recovered miraculously. When the men consumed oranges and lemons every day, / they / recovered / miraculously. (intransitive) 5. Although fifty years passed before for the British Admiralty Office recognized Lind’s findings, it finally ordered a daily dose of fresh lemon juice for every British seaman. Although fifty years passed before for the British Admiralty Office recognized Lind’s findings, / it / finally / ordered / a daily dose of fresh lemon juice / for every British seaman. (transitive-two complements/direct-indirect)

31. 6. Interestingly, Lind’s discovery also affected the English language. Interestingly, / Lind’s discovery / also / affected / the English language. (basic transitive) 7. In the eighteen century, the British called lemons ‘limes.’ In the eighteen century, / the British / called / lemons / ‘limes.’ (transitive-two complements/direct-object complement) 8. Because of that navy diet, people call British sailors ‘limeys.’ Because of that navy diet, / people / call / British sailors / ‘limeys.’ (transitive-two complements/direct-object complement)