1. Phrases

2. Types of Phrases Preposition Starts with a preposition Ends with a noun or pronoun

3. Types of Phrases Appositive Renames/adds info to the noun in front of it Not always necessary in the sentence

4. Verbal Phrases Gerund Participal Infinitive

5. Gerund Always ends in -ING Always a NOUN Never have commas around them Functions as a noun in a sentence- 1.Subject 2.Direct Object 3.Indirect Object 4.Object of a Preposition 5.Predicate Noun

6. Gerunds As a subject: Driving is essential for travel in South Dakota. As a direct object: I like driving across the state in the fall. As an indirect object: Steve gives driving all of his attention when he has passengers.

7. Gerunds As an object of a preposition: The best part (of driving) is the personal independence it allows. As a predicate nominative (noun): My first love is driving my 1970 Chevy Malibu.

8. Participals Can end in –ed (past participal) Can end in –ing (present participal) Can be irregular verb forms (torn, ran, bled, slept)

9. Participals Are always adjectives Often set off by commas The man running on the track is our coach. The running man is our coach.

10. Infinitives Always start with the word to The word after to is always a simple verb. examples: to go, to stay, to eat Can be any part of these parts of speech: noun, adjective, adverb

11. Infinitives Noun: To go to school is required by law. (subject) Adjective: Jen’s desire to go to college helps her get good grades. Adverb: The students were eager to go to school.

12. Appositives Almost always behind the noun renamed Usually set off by commas unless essential to the sentence.

13. Appositives Examples: A bold innovator, Thomas Edison created many inventions. The monkey, a nimble animal, is often found in the jungle. A gorgeous Viszla, Abbie was a great hunter.