1. RESEARCH ETHICS

2. Overview 1. Ethical controversies – Why do we have ethical regulations? 2. Regulatory bodies (e.g., IRB, APA) – What do others say we should do? 3. Ethical Reasoning – What do you do?

3. Historical Examples  Historical Examples  Historical Examples (see text): Tuskegee study, Project MKUltra, Willowbrook study  Recent Examples: Diederik Stapel (see text), torture (see video)  Other Recent Controversies  Rind et al. (1998). Psychological Bulletin. (see Wiki)Wiki  Replicability “crisis” (see NYT coverage)NYT coverage Critical positivity ratio (2.9013; Frederickson & Losada, 2005, American Psychologist) ESP study (Bem, 2011, JPSP) P-hacking

4. Serve society with high standards Avoid viewing people as merely a “means to an end”

5. APA’s 10 Ethical Standards  Human relations  Avoid harm, exploitation, discrimination, harassment, conflicts of interest  Avoidance or careful management of “multiple relationships”  Research and publication  Consent, exploitation of subordinates, participant compensation, deception, debriefing, reporting results, plagiarism, publishing  Assessment  Psychologists designing, administering, and scoring psychological tests should have the qualifications to do so  Education and training  Accuracy in education/training programs, no sex with subordinates  Privacy and confidentiality  Others: Resolving ethical issues, competence, advertising, record keeping and fees, therapy

6. Institutional Review Board (IRB)  Who has personal experience with the IRB?  Committee composition  Levels of review  Non-research  Exempt  Expedited  Full-board

7. Institutional Review Board (IRB)  Application  Abstract  Protocol  Consent Form + Process Child assent  Characteristics of Participants, especially for at-risk groups  Risks and Benefits to Participants + Society Special attention to coercion, privacy and confidentiality, deception and debriefing, crisis management  Instrumentation  CITI documentation for entire study team

8. Critique of Regulations  Ethics vs. Morality  Ethics = principles and rules from an external sources Professional organization, Institutional Review Board (IRB), university, government  Morals = personal standards for right and wrong UnethicalEthical Immoral Moral

9. Critique of Regulations  Potential for immorality  Reliance on “broken windows theory”  High standards with selective non-enforcement  Bureaucratic: Many non-experts, slow, variable, decentralized, overly concerned about methodology, unrealistic concerns about low-risk studies  Dramatic changes on the way with the revision of the “Common Rule”

10. Ethical Dilemmas  P-hacking  IRB  Consent  Tobacco  Conclusion: What is the single greatest key to avoiding ethical pitfalls? PREVENTION