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Science 10 – Biochem Last time we focused on Vocab, this time on function within the system.

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Presentation on theme: "Science 10 – Biochem Last time we focused on Vocab, this time on function within the system."— Presentation transcript:

1 Science 10 – Biochem Last time we focused on Vocab, this time on function within the system

2 Classifying Matter Substance v Mixture Elements v Compounds Homogeneous v Heterogeneous

3 Chemistry of Life Element - any substance that is comprised of one type of atom and cannot be broken down into another substance. http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/PhysicalScience/periodic-table.gif Examples Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Gold Silver

4 Chemical bonds Ionic bonds - formed through the transfer of electrons between two atoms. The bond is due to the attraction of oppositely charged ions (atoms with a negative or positive charge). http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image57.gif

5 Chemical bonds Covalent bonds - formed through the sharing of atoms between atoms. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=96904&rendTypeId=4

6 Matter Flow Chart MATTER Can it be physically separated? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) Heterogeneous MixtureCompoundElement MIXTUREPURE SUBSTANCE yesno Can it be chemically decomposed? noyes Is the composition uniform? noyes ColloidsSuspensions

7 Water is the solvent of life

8 Chemical elements and water Elements of life (most common) o Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Other necessary elements & function o Nitrogen (amino acids), o Calcium (bones, teeth), o Phosphorous (ATP, DNA), o Iron (hemoglobin), o Sodium (nerve transmision)

9 Like no other common substance, water exists in nature in all three physical states: –as a solid –as a liquid –as a gas

10 Properties of water Transparency: o Light can easily pass through o Reach inside cytoplasm (water) to chloroplast, retina o Reach organisms in water Cohesion: o Water molecules stick together (surface) Water can be pulled up trees Small animals can live on water surface (mosquito) Solvent Properties Thermal Properties

11 Properties of Water Cohesion - attraction between molecules of the same substance. Adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances. http://asia.cnet.com/i/r/2006/dc/39304504/pearls_sc.jpghttp://dl.clackamas.edu/ch104-02/images/104vol07.jpg Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

12 Cohesion: Water molecules stick together surface tension

13 Polarity Polar: Uneven distribution of charge within the molecule. Example: H 2 O (water) Non-polar: Even distribution of charge within the molecule. Example: BF 3 (boron trifluoride) Like dissolves like o Something polar dissolves something polar o Something nonpolar dissolves something nonpolar

14 Biochemistry The chemistry of Life Bio-molecules o Proteins o Saccharides o Carbohydrates o Lipids (fats, membranes…) o Nucleic Acids (DNA…)

15 Organic Compounds Contain carbon & found in living organisms o Inorganic Carbon compounds: CO 2, o Many inorganics found in living organisms Iron in blood

16 Macromolecules - large molecules formed through the joining of many monomers (small molecular units) into polymers (larger molecules). We will be studying 4 important macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids. http://hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/option s/polymers/2973/images/Fig_9513.jpg

17 Carbohydrates (saccharides) - sugars which contain C, H and O and are the main energy source for all living things (some organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes). Monosaccharides - single sugar molecules (glucose, galactose). Disaccharides - carbohydrates composed of two sugar molecules (lactose). Polysaccharides - large carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharide monomers (starch, cellulose, glycogen).

18 Carbohydrates Gizmo Tutorial on Carbohydrates. http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13104 http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13104

19 The building blocks! http://chemistry2.csudh.edu/rpendarvis/1feb23.gif 11+1=2 2+2=4, etc..

20 Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction: Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction: monomers form chains o Remove water to form bonds o Protein synthesis o Fatty acid synthesis 111 Unlinked monomer Removal of water molecule 1111 Longer polymer Figure 3.3A Short polymer Building Bonds!! 1

21 HydrolysisHydrolysis - reverse process of condensation polymers are broken down to monomers o Using water 111 Addition of water molecule 111 1 1 Breaking Bonds!!

22 Condensation (dehydration) and Hydrolysis Gizmo Animation on Condensation & Hydrolysis reactions. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/ biochem/condense.htm http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/ biochem/condense.htm

23 Functions of Lipids (fats) Energy storage: Insulation: Protection: Membranes (phospholipids): A group of organic compounds, including fats oils, and waxes that are soluble insoluble in water.

24 Glycerol & fatty acid Building Bonds = Condensation or Dehydrolysis

25 Saturated v. Unsaturated Which is better for you?

26 In general…. Unsaturated are better for you than Saturated o Saturated fats clog arteries and raise bad cholesterol (LDL) o Synthetic unsaturated fats are not necessarily better Contain artificially hydrolyzed bonds that are ineffective Liquids are better for you than solids o If it is a solid at room temperature it is most likely not good for you. o Fats (lipids) are necessary – omega-3-fatty-acids like fish and flax seed oil are very good for you, reducing risk of heart disease and increase immune system

27 Lipid Gizmo Tutorial on lipids. Info about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids you need. http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13204 http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13204

28 Enzymes Enzyme o Protein o Biological catalyst o Example: amylase Active Site o Location where substrate (reactant) binds

29 Proteins - macromolecules that contain N, H, O and C. Are comprised of amino acid (the order and combination of these amino acids determines the role of the protein) subunits. Types of proteins: Enzymes - carry out the chemical reactions in the organism (lactase, DNA helicase, catalase). Structural Proteins - aid in building muscles, bones and other components of the organism (keratin, collagen). Functional Proteins - assist in organism’s daily functioning such as messengers (hemoglobin, insulin), defense or transport. http://www.tikirobot.net/wp/wp- content/uploads/2007/11/0143.gif

30 Proteins have levels of organization. Proteins can be denatured.

31 Structure of Proteins Primary – sequence of amino acids Secondary – the folding of the chain of amino acids into a helix or a pleated sheet Tertiary – a higher level of folding in which the helices and sheets of the secondary structure fold upon themselves Quaternary – polypeptide chains are bound together usually by hydrogen bonds Chain 1 GLY- ILE -VAL- GLU -GLN -CYS -

32 Amino Acids = the building blocks of proteins

33 amino acids link o dipeptides o polypeptide chains (Proteins) The bonds are called peptide bonds Protein Synthesis Dehydration synthesis Figure 3.13

34 Protein Gizmo Tutorial on Proteins (contains more info on structure than we need right now but the idea of denaturation is important when we talk about Enzymes - which are proteins.) http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13304http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13304

35 Enzymes – Lock and Key

36 Lock and Key Model (enzyme-substrate specificity)

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41 Effects of variables on enzymes Temperature pH

42 Enzyme Gizmos What is an enzyme: http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animation s/enzyme.html http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animation s/enzyme.html How an enzyme works: http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation_ _how_enzymes_work.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation_ _how_enzymes_work.html Enzyme Specificity: http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/anim ations/enzyme_binding/enzyme_binding.htm http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/anim ations/enzyme_binding/enzyme_binding.htm Enzymes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/e nzymes/acidsbasesact.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/e nzymes/acidsbasesact.shtml

43 Nucleic Acids - macromolecules that contain H, O, N, C and P. The 2 kinds of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information (the “blueprint” to make you). Comprised of nucleotide (5-C sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base) monomers. http://www.scfbio-iitd.res.in/image/nucleotide.jpg http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/RNA%20DNA.gif

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45 Review Sites Biochemistry: http://www.s- cool.co.uk/alevel/biology/biological-molecules- and-enzymes.htmlhttp://www.s- cool.co.uk/alevel/biology/biological-molecules- and-enzymes.html Enzymes: http://www.s- cool.co.uk/gcse/biology/enzymes.htmlhttp://www.s- cool.co.uk/gcse/biology/enzymes.html Biochemistry: http://www.s- cool.co.uk/alevel/biology/biological-molecules- and-enzymes.htmlhttp://www.s- cool.co.uk/alevel/biology/biological-molecules- and-enzymes.html Enzymes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/scien ce/add_aqa/enzymes/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/scien ce/add_aqa/enzymes/

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