2. Geometric Latitude/Longitude Natural/Physical Mountains Rivers/Lakes Deserts Ethnographic/Cultural Language Religion Ethnicity

3. Antecedent Subsequent Superimposed Relic

4. Boundary existed before human settlement Examples: US/Canada Malaysia/Indonesia

5. Develop along with the development of the cultural landscape. Examples: Northern Ireland and Ireland China and Vietnam

6. A political boundary that ignores the existing cultural organization on the landscape. Usually placed by a higher authority Examples: N & S Vietnam Most of Africa

7. This boundary does not exist any longer, but its impact is still felt and seen on the landscape Example East and West Germany

8. When a state constructs physical barriers along a boundary to either keep people in or out of their territory Examples: Great Wall of China Berlin Wall

9. Definitional Boundary Disputes: arise from the legal language of the treaty’s definition of the boundary Location Boundary Disputes: arise when the definition of the border is not questioned but the interpretation of the border is Example: Mississippi River, as the river shifts people in Mississippi have found themselves now in Louisiana Operational Boundary Disputes: occur when two countries next to each other disagree on a major issue involving the border US and Mexico Allocational Boundary Disputes: this dispute does not question the boundary itself but rather the use of it Usually involve some type of natural resource

10. Enclave: any portion of a state that is entirely surrounded by the territory of another state Sometimes used to describe non-sovereign or sovereign territory, generally a small coastal territory, that is partly surrounded by one or several larger states. Exclave: a portion of a country geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory Basically, an exclave is the enclave seen from the viewpoint of the main part. Thus, in Fig. 1 at right, C is an enclave from the viewpoint of A but an exclave from the viewpoint of B, the main part