1. The Civil War begins-1861 Secession and Fort Sumter

2. Review Who was U.S. president during most of the Civil War? What advantages did the North have over the South at the outset of the Civil War? What was the primary cash crop in the South when the southern states seceded from the Union? What were the “S” factors that lead to the Civil War?

3. Bell Ringer Robert E. Lee was born into one of America’s most respected families. His father had fought in the Revolutionary War and was a delegate to the Continental Congress. A cousin of Robert’s signed the Declaration of Independence. Robert E. Lee graduated first in his class from West Point and became a successful army officer. Although Lee was devoted to the Union, he was also loyal to his home state of Virginia. When Virginia seceded, Lee followed his loyalty, leading a Confederate army against his former commander in chief. Discussion: What would make him forsake his oath to defend the Constitution?

4. Secession-The Last Straw Lincoln’s victory convinced Southerners they had lost their political voice Feared “the most complete subjection and political bondage”

5. The first to secede… South Carolina- December 20, 1860 Mississippi- January 9, 1861 Florida- January 10, 1861 Alabama- January 11, 1861 Georgia- January 19, 1861 Louisiana- January 26, 1861 Texas- February 1, 1861

6. The Confederacy is born… Delegates from each seceded state met in Montgomery, AL to form the Confederacy, or Confederate States of America. CSA Constitution resembled the U.S.’s except: “protected and recognized” slavery in new territories each state would be “sovereign and independent” term of office for president was six years

7. Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis elected president and responded with: “Offer no doubtful or divided front. The time for compromise has passed.”

9. REACTION! Gen. William T. Sherman said: “This country will be drenched in blood... (T)he people of the North... are not going to let the country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it. Besides, where are your men and appliances of war to contend against them?... You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical and determined people on earth -- right at your doors... Only in spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared.”

10. The first shots fired…Fort Sumter, Charleston, SC

11. After seeing the picture of the fort, what do you think the biggest issue with defending it would be?

12. The Fall of Fort Sumter Crisis at Fort Sumter Commander Robert Anderson sent the message to Lincoln that Confederate leaders were demanding surrender or would attack. Low on supplies, Fort Sumter remained in Union hands. The fort was very symbolic to both sides. Lincoln would not surrender the fort, but would send food and other nonmilitary supplies. Jefferson Davis would decide whether to attack and go to war or allow the symbol of federal authority to remain.

13. The attack on the fort CSA President Jefferson Davis ordered a surprise attack before the supplies could arrive. On April 12, 1891, the Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort, and an outgunned Fort Sumter surrendered the next day. Names to know: P.G.T. Beauregard-Brigadier General in command of Confederate forces during the attack Major Robert Anderson-Union officer in charge of the fort

14. The Rush to War Response in the North Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers 90 days’ service to put down the rebellion Lincoln’s political enemy Stephen Douglas supports the action, “There can be no neutrals in this war, only patriots—or traitors” Northerners rush to enlist Reaction in the South With call for volunteers, the eight remaining Union slave states now forced to choose a side Union slave states refused to provide troops to fight against fellow southerners Confederate states ready to call up men First Virginia, then Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina secede

15. After the call for troops…. Virginia- April 17, 1861 Arkansas- May 6 1861 North Carolina- May 20, 1861 Tennessee- June 8, 1861

16. Analyzing Primary Sources The men with the bayonets and swords represent the Confederate army

18. Border States Slaveholding states that remained in the Union and formed the border with the Confederacy Delaware Had few slaves and most people believed they would stay in the Union Martial Law Rule by the military

19. The Border States Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, & Missouri Maryland critical — Washington, D.C., at risk surrounded by Confederate territory. Martial law declared and new elections held to ensure pro-Union state legislature Missouri important — strategic access to the lower Mississippi River. Divided loyalties but never enough secessionist support to withdraw from the Union Kentucky necessary — the Ohio River border left the Union open to the threat of invasion. The governor refused to take sides, but the state sided with the Union after Confederate troops invaded in September 1861. These divided loyalties meant citizens fought on both sides.

20. Goals and Strategies Union Goals Needed to be carefully defined War could not center around the dispute over slavery— border states pushed to secede Fight for patriotic reasons—to save the Union Confederate Goals South wanted to be left alone with slavery unchanged Prepared to defend themselves against invasion Felt northerners would soon tire of war and withdraw Last less than 90 days

21. Goals and Strategies The North’s Strategy Larger population = more available soldiers With more factories, could produce war supplies General Winfield Scott’s plan—slowly seal the South off from the rest of the world—Anaconda plan Blockade ports & control the Mississippi Newspapers pushed “On to Richmond,” War of attrition- fight until other side gives up Ardent support for the cause made up for lack of resources Fighting for freedom and their homeland—¾ of the population did not hold slaves They were convinced of their military superiority— many army officers were southerners. The South’s Strategy

23. Goals and Strategies Southerners were convinced that France and Great Britain wanted a guaranteed supply of cotton and counted on this cotton diplomacy as a foreign-policy tool. The Confederacy embargoed cotton to force the issue of recognition as an independent nation when the English and French hesitated. Cotton diplomacy failed for many reasons: - The British resented the attempt at blackmail. - Southern cotton was stockpiled from the year before. - Higher prices encouraged other countries to grow the crop. Both sides continued to try to gain/block foreign involvement throughout the conflict.