1. International Telecommunication Union Désiré KARYABWITE IP Coordinator, E-Strategy Unit, Email: desire.karyabwite@itu.int Tel: +41 22 730 5009 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and may not necessarily reflect the opinions of the ITU or its membership.. Access to Broadband “Universal Service Opportunities and Challenges” 4-6 March, 2005 Jolie Ville Movenpick Hotel, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Progress in Broadband Technologies

2. International Telecommunication Union 2 Table of Contents 1.Broadband Technologies 2.ITU Standards on Wireless Access Systems (WAS) 3.Challenges of Change 4.Conclusion : E-Strategy activities on IP Wireless

3. International Telecommunication Union 3 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex 1. Access Technologies A typical DWDM transmission system offered up to 32 wavelengths, 0.8 nm = 100 GHz between adjacent wavelengths, each wavelength carrying 2.5 Gbit/s across a distance of about 600 km with 6 regenerator sections, resulting in a total transmission capacity of 80 Gbit/s.

4. International Telecommunication Union 4 100 GHz 50GHz 25GHz Stability Problems Bit rate Limitation Spacing 1530 – 1565 nm 1620 nm Frequency Band Laser and Amplifier under development 600 km 5000 km Distance without timing regeneration Noise and Bit rate limitation 2.5Gbit/s 10Gbit/s 40Gbit/s Bit rate Distortion and component limitation 2005 2003 2000 3000 km Year  10 Gbit/s signals on 32 wavelengths leading to 320 Gbit/s. Reported Optical Transmission Sections are 80 – 140 km to achieve Optical Transmission Paths of more than 600 km  20 Gbit/s signals on wavelengths leading to more than 1 Tbit/s on one fiber.  10 Gbit/s signals on 150 wavelengths with 50 GHz spacing leading to 1.5 Tbit/s. For this system dispersion compensated fiber was necessary to achieve Optical Transmission Sections of 100 km and Optical Transmission Paths of 400 km.

5. International Telecommunication Union 5 Compared to single wave optical transmission DWDM offers significant advantages:  Less dispersion effects. For a given throughput, the individual channel rate can be decreased, thereby lessening the chromatic and polarisation dispersion effects. As a consequence, the distance between regenerators can be increased, although optical amplification is still required to maintain the power budget.  Improved scalability. Adding new wavelengths, according to a ”pay-per-wavelength” approach, can simply increase the throughput. Additional wavelengths need not be all at the same rate, thus providing added flexibility.  Relaxed specifications. DWDM relaxes the technological constraints on the opto-electronic (O/E) components required to implement a system, since these components need only to be performing at the highest individual wavelength rather than at the total throughput. Full duplex operation on one single fiber

6. International Telecommunication Union 6 1. Access Technologies 1.1 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance). Standards: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) IEEE 802.11b: bit rate 11 Mbit/s, range from 50 to 100 mètres. (2,4 Ghz ISM-industrial, scientific and medical applications band); 802.11g: 54 Mbit/s (2,4 Ghz ISM-industrial, scientific and medical applications band); 802.11a: 54 Mbit/s @ 5 Ghz. Wireless Fidelity

7. International Telecommunication Union 7 Access Points

8. International Telecommunication Union 8 1.2 Hard and Software to boost the Wi-Fi bit rate US Robotics & Intersil up to 20 Mbit/s 1.3 Security Networks and Wi-Fi by the Wi-Fi Alliance WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) standards WPA : Wi-Fi Protected Access (data encryption and Access management) Security protocol used IEEE 802.11i: in progress

9. International Telecommunication Union 9 By Ericsson in 1994, Communication and data flow between many devices PDA, Telephones, PCs, Camera Bit rate (up to 1 Mbits/s, range 10 - 30 meters, 2.4 Ghz). 1.4 Bluetooth 1.5 HomeRF Compaq, HP, IBM, Intel & Microsoft, HomeRF has the same performances as Wi-Fi (11 Mbits/s).

10. International Telecommunication Union 10 1.6 HiperLan1 & 2 By ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) Hiperlan is exclusively European standard. Hiperlan1 (20 Mbit/s) Hiperlan2 (54 Mbit/s) as Wi-Fi and HomeRF (up to 100 meters). 5 Ghz

11. International Telecommunication Union 11 convergence/interoperability (802.11a et d'Hiperlan2) 54 Mbit/s technologies

12. International Telecommunication Union 12 2. ITU Standards on Wireless Access Systems (WAS)

13. International Telecommunication Union 13 Advances in technology and competitive access are driving the revolution towards wireless access infrastructure for the provision of basic telephone service and IP- based applications. ITU-BDT (Telecommunication Development Bureau) is advising and promoting Wireless Access Systems in developing countries where there is a a lack of infrastructure for data/telecom but still in the same time have a great demand for broadband connections.(Convergence issue).

14. International Telecommunication Union 14 2.1 ITU Studies can be categorised as follows: 1.Preferred frequency bands, spectrum requirements and frequency channelling plan. 2.Suitable technology for WAS. 3.System characteristics and operational requirements including interface to switched networks. 4.Performance and availability objectives. 5.Frequency sharing criteria, interference effects and service area boundary. 6.Radio local area networks (RLANs).

15. International Telecommunication Union 15 2.2 The following ITU-R Recommendations have already been established: Rec. F.1104: Requirements for point-to- multipoint radio systems used in the local grade portion of an ISDN connection Rec. F.1244: Radio local area networks (RLANs) Rec. F.1399-1: Vocabulary of terms for wireless access

16. International Telecommunication Union 16 Radio local area networks (RLANs / WLANs) control modules (CM) and user modules (UM).

17. International Telecommunication Union 17 Rec. F.1400: Performance and availability requirements and objectives for fixed wireless access (FWA) to PSTN Rec. F.1401: Frequency bands for FWA systems and the identification methodology Rec. F.1402: Frequency sharing between a land-mobile wireless access (MWA) system and a fixed wireless access (FWA) system using the same equipment type as the MWA system. Rec. F.1488: Frequency block arrangements for fixed wireless access (FWA) systems in the range 3 400-3 800 MHz Rec. F.1489: A methodology for assessing the level of operational compatibility between fixed wireless access (FWA) and radiolocation systems when sharing the band 3.4-3.7 GHz Rec. F.1490: Generic requirements for fixed wireless access (FWA) systems

18. International Telecommunication Union 18 Rec. F.1518: Spectrum requirement methodology for fixed wireless access and mobile wireless access networks using the same type of equipment, when coexisting in the same frequency band Rec. M.819-2: International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT-2000) for developing countries Rec. M.1450: Characteristics of broadband radio local area networks (RLANS) Rec. M.1454: operational restrictions for RLANS or other wireless access transmitters in order to ensure the protection of feeder links of non-geostationary systems in the mobile-satellite service in the frequency band 5 150-5 250 MHz

19. International Telecommunication Union 19 4. Conclusion : E-Strategy activities on IP Wireless Seminars and workshops E-Government Advising and Designing of National IP-based networks including RLANs and FWS. Training materials ICTs Policy & Strategies