1. The Spread of Protestantism & the Catholic Response Chapter 12 -Section 4

2. Causes of the Reformation O Popes concerned more with politics than religion. O Many used church offices to advance careers and wealth. O Veneration or worship of relics to gain salvation. O Parish priests ignorant of spiritual duties. O Selling of indulgences or payments made to the Church for salvation

3. Martin Luther O Was a monk & a professor O Disagreed with Catholic teachings that both faith and good deeds were needed for salvation. O Believed in justification-that faith alone was worthy of salvation. O The Bible is the only source of religious truth.

4. Martin Luther

5. The Ninety-five Theses O Angered by the selling of indulgences Luther sent a list of his complaints to his Church superiors. O These Ninety-five Theses were printed and spread to all parts of Germany.

6. A Break with the Church O Called for German princes to break with the Church. O Kept only 2 sacraments (baptism & Eucharist or Communion). O Excommunicated by the Edict of Worms. O Luther forced into hiding in 1522.

7. The Rise of Lutheranism O Luther eventually gains support from some German rulers. O New religious services set up to replace mass. O Bible readings O Preaching the word of God O Song O Peace of Ausburg 1555-formally accepts the division of Christianity

8. Chapter 12, Section 4 The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

9. The Zwinglian Reformation O Division within Protestantism O Ulrich Zwingli—priest from Switzerland O removed relics & images from the churches O attempted to unite with Luther—but could not agree on the meaning of the sacrament of Communion. O eventually killed in battle by the defenders of Catholicism

10. Ulrich Zwingli

11. Calvin & Calvinism O Fled Catholic France to Switzerland O Followed Luther’s ideas O justification by faith alone O emphasis on the all powerful nature of God O Differed with Luther on one major point— predestination (God had determined in advance who would be damned & who would be saved). O Their conviction made them determined to spread their faith.

12. John Calvin

13. Calvin continued O Created a church gov’t in Geneva, Switzerland O Consistory was set up as a court to enforce moral discipline. O They had the authority to punish people who deviated from the moral principles of Calvinism. O By the mid 16 th century Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most dynamic form of Protestantism. O Spread through Europe.

14. The Reformation in England O Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon (no male heir). O Sought annulment from the Pope—he refused. O Looked to English church courts for annulment—they granted it. O New wife (Anne Bolelyn) unable to produce male heir. O 1534 Parliament & Henry finalized break with the Church.

15. Henry VIII

16. Divorced Beheaded Died after childbirth Survived

17. The Reformation in England O Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the king the supreme ruler of the Church of England. O Opposition dealt with harshly. O Used new powers to seize Church lands and sell—boost to treasury. O Upon Henry’s death-son Edward VI moved the Church of England in a more Protestant direction. O marriage of clergy O new church service O opposition apparent—especially under Mary (vast Protestant persecutions)

18. The Anabaptists O known as radicals to both Protestants & Catholics O belief in adult baptism O all believers considered equal—each church chose its own minister O belief in complete separation of church & state O refused to hold political office or bear arms

19. The Catholic Reformation O Catholic Church lost many members in the Protestant Reformation. O Catholic Reformation O Jesuit missionaries key in spreading Catholic message. O Reform of the papacy—Reform Commission in 1537 to seek out corruptions within the Church O Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional teachings. Both faith & good works needed for salvation Seven sacraments upheld clerical celibacy upheld purgatory & use of indulgences upheld