1. Mexico Continued... Native Americans and the Spanish Conquest Native peoples: Maya, Aztecs, Incas Spanish conquest—Hernando Cortés lands on Mexican coast in 1519 -Tenochtitlán – Aztec capital -conquest is complete by 1521 Gold and Silver make it an important colony 1821 – Mexican Independence NEXT

2. Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata lead revolution -1917 constitution gives half of farmland to peasants Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)—new political party in 1929 -brings stability, but were corrupt National Action Party’s Vicente Fox becomes president in 2000, Mexico becomes more democratic Continued... NEXT

3. The Aztecs and the Spanish Cortes and Spanish destroy capital, build Mexico City on ruins Spanish bring own language, religion -large mestizo population—mixed Spanish, Native American heritage An Architectural Heritage Native Americans built pyramid temples, palaces Spanish built missions, huge cathedrals Continued... NEXT

4. Economics: Cities and Factories NEXT Employment and Education A growing population and poor government decisions have created job shortages Many Mexicans emigrate to US for Work, but have a hard time getting good-paying jobs. Many families live with extended family – including aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc. to help the family economically survive.

5. Central America Mayan Cities were ruled by god-kings Trade & religion center of cities -unknown why Maya abandoned many cities in 900s. The Spanish Spain ruled until mid-1800s, then Mexico ruled Central America -Central American countries declared independence from Mexico in 1923 Continued... NEXT

6. In 1492 Columbus thought he’d reached East Indies Spanish established sugar plantations, used natives as forced labor -disease, mistreatment kill many natives -Spanish bring in African slaves Caribbean Independence Haiti independence from France in 1804 1898 Spanish-American War gives Cuba independence from Spain in 1902 Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago don’t become independent from Britain until 1962 NEXT

7. Culture of Central America Blends Native American and Spanish Culture of the Caribbean Blends European African and Native American cultures Religion Religions include Catholic, Protestant -Voodoo practiced on Haiti; Rastafarianism based in Jamaica Language Spanish spoken in Cuba (11 mil) Dominican Republic (8.5 mil) French spoken in Haiti (6 mil) English in Jamaica (3 mil) Continued... NEXT

8. Economics Colonialism left laborers poor while planters got rich Caribbean’s produce: sugar, citrus, coffee, spices Central America’s produce: coffee, bananas Panama Canal connects Atlantic, Pacific Oceans and is an important crossroads of world-trade Continued... NEXT

9. Popular Culture, Tourism, and Jobs steel drum calypso reggae music deals with social, religious issues Population growth means high unemployment Tourism is important; provides jobs Continued... NEXT

10. Spanish-Speaking South America Inca Inca—civilization built in the Andes The Spanish Conquest Pizarro conquers Incas for Spain; wants Incan gold, silver Forces natives to work mines, farms; many abused, worked to death -moves Inca to plantations, disrupting families, communities Continued... NEXT

11. Independence Movements 1800s -Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín helped liberate South America Differing political ideas keeps countries from unifying Government Instability – changes from oligarchy, democracy, military rule and dictator Cartel - Drug organizations that bring billions of dollars of illegal drugs into the United States Economy Wide variety of products due to land, climate, vegetation Education In Chile all children ages 6–13 attend school; free public education Continued... NEXT

12. Treaty of Tordesillas -1494 gives Portugal control of Brazil No gold, silver, colonists clear forests for sugar plantations -Natives killed, Africans brought in to work Independence Brazil is a colony of Portugal from 1500 to 1822 -Napoleon invades Portugal in 1807 -Portuguese royal court moves to Brazil Brazil seeks independence after Napoleon’s defeat in 1815 -Brazilians ask Dom Pedro, son of Portugal’s king, to rule -Dom Pedro agrees, declares independence in September 1822 Brazil NEXT

13. A National Culture The People of Brazil Today 200,000 native peoples remain in Amazon rain forest Language - Portuguese Religion - Catholic NEXT Continued...

14. Economy Industry Driven by an abundance of natural resources -Hydroelectric power fuels industry Migration to the Cities Vast gap between rich & poor; poor seek jobs in cities -1960, 22% lived in cities; 1995, 75% lived in cities 80% live within 200 miles of ocean Continued... NEXT

15. Carnival—colorful feast day in Brazil & Caribbean -features music of the samba—Brazilian dance with African influences NEXT