1. Chapter 13 Notes Spread of Civilizations in East Asia

2. Section 1 Two Golden Ages of China

3. The Brilliant Tang (618 AD) - Empress Wu Zhao usurped the throne, declaring herself “Son of Heaven”; she was the only woman who ruled China in her own name - Strong rule during one of the greatest empires in Chinese history Building an Empire –Li Yuan – first Tang emperor Led a revolt along with his son against the Sui dynasty Son became emperor and was called Tang Taizon –Tang Taizon Brilliant general, government reformer, historian, and master calligrapher China’s most admired emperor –Tributary states - Korea, Tibet, Vietnam

4. The Brilliant Tang (618 AD) Government and Economy –Rebuilt bureaucracy and enlarged civil service system to include Confucian philosophy –Land reform – Strengthened central government by limiting power of landowners –Grand Canal Increased trade and transportation Linked the Huang He and Yangzi rivers Decline –Corruption, taxes, drought. Etc. –Invaders from Central Asia (Arabs) –907 AD – rebel general overthrew final Tang emperor

5. Prosperity Under the Song (960 AD) Golden Age –Economy expanded –Farming shifted from wheat to rice –Improved irrigation –Foreign trade increased

6. Chinese Society - emperor, court and aristocratic families, gentry, peasantry Gentry – –Had the money to complete the schooling and exams needed for civil service offices –Valued learning over labor –Revived Confucianism Peasants –Lived on what they produced (subsistence); were able to produce handicrafts for trade –Lived in self-sufficient villages; including government –Could rise in society through education

7. Chinese Society Merchants –Under Confucian thought, merchants were lower than the peasants because they made their wealth on the labor of others Status of Women –Ran family affairs (manage servants and finances) –Completely a part of the husband's family; could not keep dowry or remarry –Foot binding – Became a symbol of nobility and beauty; extremely painful

8. Arts and Literature of the Tang and Song Landscape Painting Other Arts –Buddhist themes were dominant –Pagoda – –Porcelain, “chinaware” A Flood of Literature –Blended fantasy, romance, adventure –Poetry was the most common –Li Bo – greatest Tang poet Drowned while trying to embrace the reflection of the moon in a lake

9. Section 2 The Mongol and Ming Empire

10. Building the Mongol Empire - Genghiz Kahn “World Emperor”, ruled from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe Conquests –Imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty –Used cannons and gunpowder and missiles Mongol Rule –Often allowed conquered people to live much as they had before, as long as they paid tribute –Ruled with toleration and justice –Accepted Confucianism, Buddhists, Christians, Muslims, Jews The Mongol Peace –Years between 1200-1300 became known as Pax Mongolica, Mongol Peace –Political stability helped economy grow; much cultural diffusion

11. China Under Mongol Rule - Kublai Kahn (Genghizs’ grandson), conquered last of Song dynasty and set up capital at Cambulac - Ruled China, Korea, Tibet, Vietnam Government –Tried to prevent Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese culture –Only Mongols could serve in the army, highest government, jobs –Did choose Chinese name for dynasty, Yuan A Western Visitor –Italian merchant, Marco Polo, spent 17 years in Kublai’s service –Described grand palaces, efficient mail system, roads, reported city of Hangzhou was 10 times size of Venice Other Contacts –Pope sent Christian priests, Muslims

12. The Ming Restore Chinese Rule - Yuan dynasty fell with Kublai’s death - Zhu Yuangzhang defeated Mongols and drove them over Great Wall; founded Ming dynasty in 1368 Economic Revival –Fertile, well-irrigated plains of East China supported population of 100 million –Huge rice crops in Yangzi valley; corn and sweet potatoes arrived from Americas –Industries of porcelain, paper, tools Cultural Flowering –Popular literature: The Water Margin –Opera, landscape painting

13. China and the World The Voyages of Zheng He (1405 AD) –Led fleet of 65 huge ships, hundreds of smaller ones, and crew of 25,000 –Goal was to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers across “western seas” –Explored coasts of SE Asia and India, entrances to Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa –Placed tablets everywhere he went proclaiming that the Ming dynasty unified the “seas and continents” Turning Inward –1433 AD – Zheng He died; emperor banned the building of seagoing vessels –Later ships with more than two masts

14. Section 3 Korea and Its Traditions

15. Geography of the Korean Peninsula Mountains and Seas –Low, steep mountains cover 70% of the land; most important range is the Taebaek –Most people live along the western coastal plains and farm –Hundreds of good harbors along 5400 mile coastline –Depend on seafood diet; third largest fishing industry The Impact of Location –Received many cultural and technological advancements from China –Korea was a cultural bridge linking China and Japan –Earliest Koreans migrated from Siberia and Manchuria during the Stone Age –By 108 BC, Emperor Wudi introduced government ideas including Confucianism to Korea

16. Korea United (300-600 AD) Local rulers forged separate kingdoms –Koguryo (north) –Paekche (southwest) –Shilla (southeast) Shared the same language and culture; Mahayana Buddhism Under the empress Wu Zhao, the Shilla kingdom united the Korean Peninsula in 668 AD Chinese Influence –Shilla Dynasty Was a tributary state under China acknowledging overlordship but keeping independence Looked upon China as a younger brother –Adapted Chinese civil service system but was only for aristocrats

17. Korea United (300-600 AD) Buddhist Influence –Koryo Dynasty –Used woodblock printing for Buddhist texts –Made movable metal type for books –Porcelain from China; celadon – Secret of celadon lost forever when conquered by Mongols

18. Choson: The Longest Dynasty General Yi Song-gye (1392 AD) –Pushed Mongols out and set up Choson dynasty –Used Confucian principles instead of Buddhist A Korean Alphabet –1443 AD – King Sejong replaced complex Chinese characters with hangul – –Literacy rate - Japanese Invasions –1590’s – Japan invaded China by way of Korea

19. Section 4 The Emergence of Japan

20. Geography: Japan, a Land Apart Archipelago – –4 main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku Land and Sea –About the size of Montana; 4/5 of land is too mountainous to farm –Most people farm in narrow river valleys and along coastal plains; was an obstacle to unity –The seas surround and isolate Japan; was close enough to absorb Chinese and Korean traditions but too far for China to invade –Usually chose to go its own way instead of following others –Plentiful resources in the seas for trade and diet

21. Geography: Japan, a Land Apart Ring of Fire –Includes Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, and South America –Subject to frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions –Tsunami – –Mount Fuji is a symbol of beauty and majesty in nature

22. Early Traditions - Migrated from the Asian mainland 2000 years ago - Pushed early inhabitants, the Ainu, onto the island of Hakkaido Yamato Clan –Society divided into uji – Had its own chief, gods and goddesses Women were respected –500 AD – Yamato clan ruled Honshu (largest island) for 1000 years –Set up first and only dynasty; claimed direct descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu –Chose the rising sun as its symbol –Emperors looked upon as living gods; Japanese emperor still traces its roots to the Yamato

23. Early Traditions Shinto – “the way of the gods” –Kami – –Tradition still lives today; shrines located in beautiful natural surroundings Mountains, waterfalls, gnarled trees The Korean Bridge –Japan and Korea have always been in contact –Shared artistic and cultural skills with each other –500 AD – missionaries from Korea brought Buddhism –Chinese writing and culture was introduced

24. Japan Looks to China - 600’s: Prince Shotoku sent nobles to study in China; visited the Tang dynasty Imported from China –Learned ideas of government including the idea of a “Heavenly Emperor” with absolute power –Strengthened central government with a bureaucracy –710 AD – built new capital at Nara; spoke and dressed Chinese; served Chinese tea and food; used Chinese characters to write their history –Adopted pagoda architecture; accepted Confucian and Buddhist ideas; filial piety Selective Borrowing – –Did not adopt civil service exams –Inherited status through family; officials were sons of nobles –Kana -

25. The Heian Period - Blending of cultures from 794 – 1185 AD; capital located in Heian An Elegant Court –Nobleman and women lived in luxury Pavilions, gardens, lotus pools, elaborate rules for court etiquette –Women were forbidden to learn Chinese; but did produce some of the most important literature; The Pillow Book Lady Murasaki –Marasaki Shikibu Best known Heian writer Wrote The Tale of Genji; was the world’s first full length novel

26. Section 5 Japan’s Feudal Age

27. Japanese Feudalism Emerges - A warrior aristocracy dominated Japanese society; the emperor was a powerless figurehead - Real power was in the hands of the shogun – - Minamoto Yoritomo was appointed shogun in 1192 AD; he set up the first of three shogunates; his was called the Kamakura shogunate The World of Warriors –Distributed lands to vassal lords who supported him in war –Daimyo – –Samarai – Heavily armed and trained in skills for fighting Bushido – –If you betray the code of bushido you were expected to commit seppuku

28. Japanese Feudalism Emerges Status of Women –Some trained to fight, most supervised family estates –As feudalism increased, inheritance was limited to the sons –Did not put women on a pedestal like chivalry Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants –Peasants Made up 75% of the population; formed the backbone of feudal society Cultivated rice and other crops on the estates of samurai Some served as foot soldiers –Artisans Armorers and sword makers provided goods for the samurai class –Merchants Lowest rank in society Mongol Invasions –Refused to accept Mongol rule –Kublai Kahn tried to invade with 30,000 troops but was suppressed by a typhoon twice –Japanese credited the victory to the kamikaze -

29. Order and Unity Under the Tokugawas New dynasty took power in 1338 but led to many years of warfare 1590 AD – General Toyotomi Hideyoshi brought most of Japan under his control 1600 AD – Tokugawa Ieyasu became master of Japan and was named shogun –The Tokugawa shogunate ruled until 1868

30. Order and Unity Under the Tokugawas Centralized Feudalism –Kept outward form of feudal society but imposed a central government –Created unified, orderly society The daimyo and his entire family were required to live in the capital with the shogun in Edo to keep them in check Forbade them to build castles or marry without his permission –Put in place a strict moral code –Only samurai could serve in military or hold government positions Samurais followed the bushido code Peasants remained on the land and were forbidden to wear luxuries such as silk –Women could be divorced for neglecting household duties

31. Order and Unity Under the Tokugawas Economic Growth –Agriculture grew and improved new seeds, tools, and fertilizer led to surpluses of food –New roads connected towns to the capital –Merchants began to make money and climb the social ladder

32. Zen Buddhism and Japanese Culture Zen Buddhism emphasizes meditation and devotion to duty It was accepted by the samurai Had contradicting messages –Zen monks were great scholars but valued the uncluttered mind and stressed the importance of reaching moment of “non-knowing” –Stressed compassion for all, yet samurai fought to kill –Sought to experience absolute freedom, yet rigid rules gave master complete authority over his students

33. Changing Artistic Traditions Theater –1300’s – No Plays Performed on square, wooden platforms without scenery Each movement had a special meaning –1600’s – kabuki – Portrayed family or historical events Elaborate, colorful costumes; exaggerated movements for action –Bunraku - Literature –Many stories were influenced by Zen values –Haiku - Painting and Printmaking –Reflected Chinese landscape paintings; some told historical events –Woodblock prints