1. Factors to Consider

2. Risk Factors in the Child: Specific learning difficulties Communication difficulties Specific developmental delay Genetic influence Difficult temperament Physical illness especially if chronic and/or neurological Academic failure Low self esteem

3. Risk Factors in the Family Overt parental conflict Family breakdown Inconsistent or unclear discipline Hostile or rejecting relationships Failure to adapt to a child’s changing needs Physical, sexual or emotional abuse Parental psychiatric illness Parental criminality. alcoholism or personality disorder Death and loss-including loss of friendship

4. Risk Factors in the Community Socio-economic disadvantage Homelessness Disaster Discrimination Other significant life events

5. Resilience Factors in the Child: Secure early relationships Being female Higher intelligence Easy temperament when an infant Positive attitude, problem solving approach Good communication skills Planner, belief in control Humour Religious faith Capacity to reflect

6. Resilience Factors in the Family At least one good parent-child relationship Affection Clear firm and consistent discipline Support for education Supportive long-term relationship/ absence of severe discord

7. Resilience Factors in the Community Wider supportive network Good housing High standard of living High morale school with positive policies for behaviour, attitudes and anti-bullying School with strong academic and non-academic opportunities Range of positive sport/leisure activities