1. Oil and Gas Technology Program Oil and Gas Technology Program PTRT 2323 Natural Gas Production Chapter 1 Characteristics of Natural Gas

2. Oil and Gas Technology Program Introduction Discovery in 1821 in Fredonia, NY and was used locally as a fuel gas in surrounding areas 1920 – 1930’s a few long pipelines were built (22-24” diameter and 400-600 psi) Huge quantities of gas were flared at well sites due to insufficient markets Modern natural gas industry began following WWII with 30” diameter carrying gas at 1000 psi Today virtually all areas of the US are serviced by pipelines

3. Oil and Gas Technology Program Natural Gas Piplines

4. Oil and Gas Technology Program Field Handling of Natural Gas Field facilities are designed to make the gas saleable – Remove valuable products Natural gasoline Butane Propane Ethane – Remove impurities Water Excess hydrocarbon liquids Gaseous contaminants (H 2 S, CO 2 ) – Control delivery pressure Compression Pressure reducing valves

5. Oil and Gas Technology Program Processing Plants Remove higher value components – Not needed for sale (excess BTU’s) – More valuable as chemical feed stock or liquid fuel Remove sulfur compounds and other acid gases Remove excess water Subjects covered in summary in this course and in detail in PTRT1317 and PTRT1391 Natural Gas Processing I and II

6. Oil and Gas Technology Program Natural Gas Mixture of hydrocarbon gases together with some impurities Impurities – Water vapor – Heavier hydrocarbons – Hydrogen sulfide and other acid gases Hydrocarbon gases – Methane – Ethane – Propane – Butanes – Others Ethane and heavier molecules are removed for additional processing because of their value What reaches market is typically 95%-98% Methane

7. Oil and Gas Technology Program Typical Natural Gas Analysis

8. Oil and Gas Technology Program Well to Well Variation Well #1 – Associated with crude oil – Elevated propane – Elevated heavier gases Well #2 – Low-pressure non-associated gas – Moderate quantity of methane – Other constituents can be liquids at the surface Well #3 – High-pressure non-associated gas – Predominately methane – Gaseous under most circumstances Composition variation can also be the result of changes as the reservoir is depleted

9. Oil and Gas Technology Program Why does methane tell us about the gas pressure at the surface?? At 15 ⁰C – Methane has density ρ = 0.68 kg/m 3 – Ethane has density ρ = 1.282 kg/m 3 – Air has density ρ = 1.202 kg/m 3 Methane is trying to RISE Ethane is trying to SINK

10. Oil and Gas Technology Program Chemical Structures Natural gas normally composed of a mixture of straight-chain hydrocarbons (paraffins) Cyclic compounds can also be found in the mixture. Straight-chain and cyclic refer to the molecular structure

11. Oil and Gas Technology Program Chemical Structures Isomers

12. Oil and Gas Technology Program Physical Properties

13. Oil and Gas Technology Program Physical Properties Important to know the properties of each individual component of the gas Properties of the mixture will be determined by combining the properties of each individual component RULE OF MIXTURES

14. Oil and Gas Technology Program Physical Properties Typically important properties are: – Molecular weight – Freezing point – Boiling point – Density – Critical temperature – Critical pressure – Heat of vaporization – Specific heat

15. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology Gauge pressure – Pressure indicated above or below atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia or 29.92” Hg) – Read on a gauge (usually) – Uses a Bourdon tube for the measurement Tube flexes as a result of differential pressure Normally read in psig On psig scale 1 atmosphere = 0 psig

16. Oil and Gas Technology Program

17. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Absolute Pressure – Pressure differential measured in comparison to a vacuum. – MUST be used in most calculations psia = psig + atmospheric pressure – Atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psia

18. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Vapor Pressure Vapor reached equilibrium with the liquid in a CLOSED container – Rate of evaporation = rate of condensation http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=GC H4304 http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=GC H4304 Only requires SOME liquid to be present

19. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Critical Properties – Critical Temperature = Temperature above which the substance CANNOT be a liquid – Critical Pressure = Pressure required to liquify a gas at the critical temperature Methane – T c = -116 ⁰F – P c = 667.8 psia

20. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT At low pressure R is a universal constant Number of Moles Absolute Temp (K) “R” value (This is a number that depends on the system of units you are using) Absolute Pressure (psia) Volume

21. Oil and Gas Technology Program Using the Ideal Gas Law Problem Type A Which reduces to: If you know the starting conditions (1) and can define any two of the final conditions (2) then you can solve for the remaining term

22. Oil and Gas Technology Program Using the Ideal Gas Law Problem Type B If you know the weight of the gases then use directly. Note: The ideal gas law is ONLY good for low pressures.

23. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Partial Pressure and Pure Component Volume – When more than one liquid is present – Each component reaches its OWN equilibrium Partial Pressure – Pressure that would exist if ONLY that compound were present at the same volume and pressure – Pure Component Volume is the volume of that gas Mixtures of gases obey Dalton’s Law and the law given by Amagat and Leduc

24. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Dalton’s Law states: P total = P a + P b + P c +…+P n. The law of Amagat and Leduc states: V total = V a + V b + V c +…+V n.

25. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Standard Conditions: – Used to compare different quantities of gas when they are expressed as volumes. – Gases are sold in units of volume (cu.ft., Mcf, MMcf) to compare the volumes of gas you must adjust for a specific temperature and pressure “pressure base” = 14.4 psia “standard temperature” = 60 ⁰F (15 ⁰C)

26. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Gas Density – units are lbs/cu ft – Density of air = 0.0763 lb/cu ft – Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a gas to the density of air – ALWAYS at STP (at the pressure base and standard temperature)

27. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Liquid Density – units are lbs/cu ft – Density of water = 62.43 lb/cu ft (8.33 lb/gal) – Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water at 60 ⁰F – ALWAYS at 60 ⁰F (standard temperature) API Gravity – units in degrees

28. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) API Gravity – units in degrees (⁰API) If G = specific gravity of the liquid, then For example: If the liquid is water at 60 ⁰F, then G = 1 and the API Gravity is 10 ⁰API. Correction must be made is liquid is not at standard temperature G

29. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Temperature – ⁰F in the US – ⁰C everywhere else (SI unit) Absolute Temperature – Absolute zero – temperature at which molecular vibration theoretically stops. – Absolute temperature measured in K – 0 K = -273.1 ⁰C

30. Oil and Gas Technology Program

31. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Temperature Conversions Use -40 as a check since -40 ⁰F = -40 ⁰C Absolute temperature conversion or

32. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Mass and Weight – near the surface of the Earth they are equivalent Molecular Weight – determined by the structure of the compound Methane = CH 4 1 carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms With a periodic table you can look up the atomic weight of carbon and hydrogen and find that methane would be: 12+4 = 16 (actually 16.043) Used to determine pound-mol of substance

33. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Pound-atom –mass in lbs equal to atomic weight Pound-mol – mass is lbs equal to molecular weight e.g. 1 pound-mol of methane = 16.043 lbs 1 pound-mol of ethane = 30.070 lbs Table 1.2 has additional molecular weight information for other hydrocarbons

34. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Mole-fraction – For a mixture of two gases A & B: Mole-fraction of A = Mole-percent of A = For gases(ONLY) this also equals the vol %

35. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Compressibility Factor – Ideal Gas Law only works for low pressures – “Z” compensates for higher pressure deviations from the Ideal Gas Law – Typically used with “Reduced Units” Fudge Factor! Look up Z in handbook

36. Oil and Gas Technology Program Example – Finding Z Ethane @ 100 ⁰F and 300 psig 100⁰F + 460 = 560 R and 300psig + 14.7 = 314.7 psia Table 1.2: T c = 90.1⁰F = 90.1 + 460 = 550.1⁰R P c = 707.8 psia Calculate reduced values

37. Oil and Gas Technology Program Compressibility Factor – Z vs Reduced Pressure and Reduced Temperature

38. Oil and Gas Technology Program

39. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Review Table 1.4 Equilibrium Concepts – Equilibrium constant – K – Vapor-liquid equilibrium ratio

40. Oil and Gas Technology Program X X X X X X = = = = = =

41. Oil and Gas Technology Program Convergence Pressure Pressure at which K = 1, or Y i = X i Log Chart – Note that each section is 10x larger or smaller Find K for methane at -50 F and 300 psia – Find pressure along bottom – Read up to intersect with temperature – Read across to read value of K

42. Oil and Gas Technology Program How to read the chart

43. Oil and Gas Technology Program Terminology (cont.) Bubble point – temperature at which the first bubble forms at a given pressure – K i N i = 1.0 at the bubble point Dew Point – Temperature for the first droplet of liquid to form at a given pressure – N i /K i = 1.0 at the dew point Table 1.7 shows convergence pressure

44. Oil and Gas Technology Program