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2. Geography of Development  Definition and Measurement  Global Pattern  Theoretical Explanation

3. Defining Development  A process through which resources of a region have been brought into full productive use.

4. Uneven Development Development & Underdevelopment North / South Three Worlds Measuring Development

5. Comparative development levels

6. Measuring Development - GNP (Gross National Product) - GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) - Energy Consumption Per Capita - Percentage of Workforce in Agriculture - Calories and Nutrition - Education - Health - Aggregate Measure

7. Gross national income per capita, 2007

8. Purchasing power parity (PPP), 2007

9. Energy consumption and GNP

10. The South: per capita annual consumption of commercial energy.

11. Percentage of labor force engaged in agriculture

12. Country GroupPer Capita GNP a Per Capita Energy Consumption b Percent of Labor Force in Agriculture Least Developed Countries2105074 All Developing Countries105357061 Industrial Countries17221449910 Economic Indicators and Agriculture ’ s Share of Labor a U.S. dollars b Kilograms of oil equivalent; commercial energy only. Source: World Bank and United Nations Development Programme.

13. South: daily dietary energy

14. The South: Adult literacy rate

15. Country rankings by Human Development Index

18. Explaining Development/Underdevelopment - Physical Geography - Resource Condition - Population Growth - Colonial Status

19. Harvard Institute for International Development - Physical Geography - Initial economic level - Government Policy - Demographic change Neo – Classic Explanation Dependency Theory

21. Polarization Backwash Effect Spread Effects Convergence Inequality Time 1979198519802000

22. Perroux’s Growth Pole Theory Growth Pole: an economic concept a vector of economic forces from which centrifugal forces emanate and to which centripetal forces are attracted e.g. leading industries, firms Polarization: rapid growth of the leading industries which induce the polarization of other economic activities into the pole of growth e.g. flow of resources, capital, migration, etc.

23. Myrdal: Cumulative Upward Causation Backwash Effects: negative effects caused by prosperous regions on less prosperous regions. e.g. concentration of resources in the core at the cost of periphery, growing spatial inequality Spread Effects: beneficial impact of the prosperous regions on less prosperous regions. e.g. increased demand, capital investment, technology transfer

24. Hirschman: Polarization/Trickle Down Polarization Effect: growth centers attract or “drain” regional resources Trickle Down Effect: diffusion of growth and innovation from the growth center to the periphery

25. Reasons for polarization: - High demand in the center - Good facilities & infrastructure - Psychological effect - Tax revenue for further expansion

26. Reasons for spread effect : - Increased demand for agricultural products & raw materials - Diffusion of advanced technology - Diseconomies of scale in the center (high labour cost, congestion) - Government intervention for political considerations