1. Ancient Rome

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3. Rome: Importance  “successor” to Greece  “carrier” of Greek civilization  political model for later Europe  measure of success for nations and individuals

4. Importance, con’t  model for later monarchies  model for later, mixed constitutions –Great Britain, U.S., etc.  model for most European legal systems  model for the concept of citizenship

5. Roman History  The Regal Age: ca. 779-509 B.C.  The Republic: 509-27 B.C.  The Empire: 27 B.C.-1453 A.D. –Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D. –Later Empire: 325 A.D.-1453 A.D.

6. LocationLocation  Italy  Tiber River  between Etruscan and Greek cities  part of the Latin League

9. Early history  Indo-European  entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C.  settled south of the Tiber  primitive institutions

10. The Kings  Seven kings  Romulus  historical kings –the Etruscan kings –the last three

11. The Republic  revolution  patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-98%)  constitutional government –influenced by Athens? –the constitution of Cleisthenes?

12. OfficesOffices  2 consuls  2 praetors  aediles  quaestors  dictator

13. Important institutions  the assemblies  the elective offices  patron-client relationships  The Twelve Tables

14. Struggle of the Orders  struggle for political participation  plebeian institutions: the tribunes  the secessions  the compromises –no political violence until 133 B.C.

15. Roman Expansion  gradual expansion for a century  the Latin League –extension of citizenship –Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies –continuous expansion  Celts, Samnites, etc.

19. Expansion, con’t  Etruscans  Greeks  Carthage –three Punic Wars –254, 220, 146 B.C.  control of Western Mediterranean

21. Expansion, con’t  the Hellenistic Monarchies  the Greek Federal Leagues  lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot  Romans get tired of it  control of most of the Med. basin by 100 B.C.  but still essentially a city-state

22. Roman Religion  rustic Italian cults  overlay of Greek religion  Etruscan influences  Romans as “pack rats”

27. Roman architecture  great skill  engineers and architects  roads, cities  concrete

34. Roman Literature  copied from Greek models  interests in rhetoric, law, and satire  Stoic and Epicurean philosophy

35. The Late Republic: 133-27 B.C.  introduction of violence into domestic politics  competition for status and recognition  civil war

37. Important Figures  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus  Marius and Sulla  Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar –First Triumvirate  Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian Caesar –Second Triumvirate

38. Gaius Marius

39. Gaius Julius Caesar

40. Pompey the Great

41. Cicero

42. Octavian Augustus

43. Octavian as pontifex maximus

44. Marc Antony

45. The Empire  unification of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe  extended citizenship  empire-wide commerce  Roman law  tolerance for local autonomy

48. ChangesChanges  reduction of political competition  end to expansion  reduction in the army  further extension of citizenship

49. The Flavians  Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.)  Vespasian  Titus  Domitian

50. The Antonines: the Good Emperors  Edward Gibbon  the height of the Empire  the culmination of the pax Romana  succession by adoption of the most competent

51. The Good Emperors  Nerva  Trajan –strong military leader  Hadrian –excellent administrator –Hellenophile  Antoninus Pius  Marcus Aurelius –the embodiment of the philosopher king

52. The Rise of Christianity  Jesus of Nazareth –teacher, prophet, revolutionary –the Jesus Movement  Paul of Tarsus –cultural mixture: Jewish and Greek –founder of Christianity

53. Rise of Christianity, con’t  disappearance of Jewish followers: 70 A.D.  growth of the Pauline church  the poor, women, children, slaves  no success among men, the educated, etc.  benefits of Roman infrastructure and the pax Romana

54. Roman suspicion  the First Jewish War  “eastern religion” –corrupted the mos maiorum –that is, “traditional family values”  rumors of orgies and cannibalism  Second Jewish War  Trajan’s Rescript

56. The Crisis of the Third Century  End of the practice of adoption  The Severian Emperors –the army as a social class –abandonment of the Augustan constitution –collapse of the senate and other organs of state –collapse of the civil adminstration

57. Crisis, con’t  collapse of society –breakdown of social classes  collapse of the economy –collapse of trade and coinage  barbarian invasions  civil wars –Thirty emperors –The Danubian emperors (soldiers)

58. Crisis, con’t  Aurelian - restituor orbis  Decius - persecutions of those who corrupt traditional family values  Diocletian

59. Diocletian and Reform  The Tetrarchy  The Annona  The Edict of Maximum Prices  The “new provinces”  The “eastern frontiers”  The “new capitals”  The “persecutions” –Edict of Toleration, 311

60. Constantine  The divided empire, united  The Battle of the Milvian Bridge  The “conversion of Constantine”  The Edict of Milan - 314  The First Ecumenical Council  The New Capital –Constantinople

61. Questions  Where is Rome located?  Name ONE leader of Rome  Rome is most like what other major city?  What events lead to Rome’s rise of power and later its decline?