1. Communities and Ecosystems
Chapter 37
Communities and Ecosystems

2. - depends on the interactions
37.0 Community structure
- depends on the interactions
Ecosystem structure

3. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF COMMUNITIES
37.1 Biological community
all the populations of organisms
Trophic structure
feeding relationships

4. Interspecific competition
- when a shared
Interspecific competition
- two species competing for

5. Competitive exclusion principle
- two species cannot coexist in a community if
Niche species' total use of
- two possible results
- one species will be
- resource

6. - interaction between species in which
Predation
- interaction between species in which
- adaptations refined through -

7. Batesian mimicry
- palatable species mimics
Mullerian mimicry
- two unpalatable species mimic

8. Plants have evolved defenses
37.4 Herbivores
- animals that
Plants have evolved defenses -
- physical defenses

9. - change availability of
37.5 Disturbances
- are characteristic of most
- ex:
- damage
- remove
- change availability of

10. 37.6 Ecological succession
- a transition in community species following
- Primary succession: gradual colonization of
Secondary succession: occurs after a disturbance has destroyed a community but
- ex.

11. 37.7 Trophic structure
- a pattern of feeding relationships at
Food chain
- sequence of food transfer
- moves chemical

12. Producers
- Autotroph plants - support
Consumers
- Primary (herbivores) -
- Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
- eat consumers

13. Detritivores -
- animal scavengers,
- derive energy from
- recycle nutrients

14. 37.8 Food web
- a more realistic view of
- food chains
- consumers eat more than
- each food type is consumed by more than

15. 37.9 Energy supply - limits the length of
- only about 10% of the energy stored at each trophic level is
- amount of energy available to top-level consumers is
- most food chains have only

16. 37.10 Why meat is a luxury for humans
CONNECTION
Why meat is a luxury for humans
- humans eating grain
- have ten times more energy available than when they process
- using land to raise animals
- consumes more resources than

17. - moves thru biosphere in
Water
- moves thru biosphere in
Solar energy drives the -

18. Threats to freshwater ecosystems-