1. Unit 1 Intro ppt #1 1-1

2. 1-2 Anatomy Anatomy - The Study of Form Examining structure of the Human Body –Inspection-----eyes –Palpation------fingers –Auscultation---hearing –Percussion----tapping, hearing Cadaver dissection –cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships Comparative anatomy –study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences, and analyze evolutionary trends

3. 1-3 Exploratory Surgery –open body and take a look inside Medical imaging –viewing the inside of the body without surgery –Radiology – branch of medicine concerned with imaging Gross Anatomy –study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye Cytology –study of structure and function of cells Histology (microscopic anatomy) –examination of cells with microscope Ultrastructure –the molecular detail seen in electron microscope Histopathology –microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease Anatomy Anatomy - The Study of Form

4. 1-4 Physiology Physiology - The Study of Function Subdisciplines –neurophysiology (physiology of nervous system) –endocrinology (physiology of hormones) –pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease) Comparative Physiology –limitations on human experimentation –study of different species to learn about bodily function animal surgery animal drug tests –basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures

5. 1-5 Aristotle –one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology –believed that diseases had either supernatural causes or physical causes called supernatural causes of disease theologi called natural causes for disease physiologi this gave rise to the terms: physician and physiology –believed that complex structures are built from simpler parts Beginnings of Medicine

6. 1-6 Early Medical Illustrations Figure 1.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Art Resource© SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.2

7. 1-7 Robert Hooke (1635-1703) –made many improvements to the compound microscope -2 lenses-ocular lens –published first comprehensive book of microscopy (Micrographia) in 1665 Antony van Leeuwenhoek(1632-1723) –invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200X) –published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings and many other things Birth of Modern Medicine

8. 1-8 Theodor Schwann(1810-1882) –concluded that “all organisms were composed of cells” –** Cell Theory ****considered as the most important breakthrough in biomedical history **** all functions of the body are interpreted as effects of cellular activity Gray’s Anatomy (1856) (not the TV show!) Continual improvements from then on! Anatomy preceeded Physiology!

9. 1-9 Living in a Revolution Modern biomedical science –technological enhancements advances in Medical Imaging have enhanced our diagnostic ability and life-support strategies Genetic Revolution human genome is finished gene therapy is being used to treat disease Early pioneers were important –established scientific way of thinking –replaced superstition with natural laws

10. 1-10 Scientific Thinking : Inductive Method Described by Francis Bacon –making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them anatomy –knowledge of anatomy obtained by this method Proof in science –reliable observations –tested and confirmed repeatedly –not falsified by any credible observation In science, all truth is tentative –“proof beyond a reasonable doubt ”

11. 1-11 Hypothetico-Deductive Method physiologicalphysiological knowledge gained by this method investigator asks a question formulates a hypothesis- an educated speculation or possible answer to the question –characteristics of a good hypothesis consistent with what is already known testable and possibly falsifiable with evidence Hypothesis - to suggest a method for answering questions - are written as ‘If-Then’ statements

12. 1-12 Experimental Design considerations Sample size –number of subjects used in a study –controls for chance events and individual variation Controls –control group and treatment group –comparison of treated and untreated individuals Psychosomatic Effects –effects of the subject’s state of mind on his or her physiology –use of placebo in control group

13. 1-13 Experimenter bias –prevented with double-blind study Statistical testing –provides statements of probability –difference between control and test subjects was not random variation –results due to the variable being tested Proper Experimental Design

14. 1-14 Peer Review Critical evaluation by other experts in the field –done prior to funding or publication –done by using verification and repeatability of results Ensures honesty, objectivity and quality in science

15. 1-15 When we study Anatomy and Physiology we must consider: When we study Anatomy and Physiology we must consider: Human Origins & Adaptations Charles Darwin –On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) – ‘book that shook the world’ –The Descent of Man (1871) – human evolution Theory of natural selection –how species originate and change through time –changed view of “our origin, our nature and our place in the universe” –increases understanding of human form and function

16. 1-16 Evolution, Selection, and Adaptation Evolution –change in genetic composition of population of organisms development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics appearance of new strains of AIDS virus Natural Selection –some individuals within a species have hereditary advantage over their competitors better camouflage disease resistance ability to attract mates –produce more offspring and advantage passed on –Selection Pressures – natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others

17. 1-17 Evolution, Selection, and Adaptation Adaptations – features of an organism’s anatomy, physiology, or behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment. –Model – animal species selected for research on a particular problem

18. 1-18 Animal Relations Closest relative - chimpanzee –difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure –chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3% Study of evolutionary relationships –help us chose animals for biomedical research (the animal model) –rats and mice used extensively due to issues involved with using chimpanzees

19. 1-19 Vestiges of Human Evolution Vestigial Organs – remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of a species, and now serve little or no purpose –piloerector muscle –auricularis muscles