1. CHAPTER 22 Small Animal Vertebral Column Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. 2 CHAPTER OUTLINE Objectives Key terms Overview Spinal radiography Survey study Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Thoracolumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Lumbosacral vertebrae Optional Views Key points Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3. 3 Objectives Common positions and principles Properly and safely position a dog or cat Alternative views Identify normal spinal anatomy Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4. 4 Key Terms Anticlinal vertebrae Diaphragmatic crura Dynamic Kyphosis Lordosis Orthogonal Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5. 5 Overview Purpose Technique Anesthesia or sedation Center and collimation Label position Low kVp and high mAs Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6. 6 Overview (Continued) Parallel and perpendicular Positioning aids 2 views perpendicular to each other Other views Anatomic variations Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

7. 7 Anatomy Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

8. 8 Protocol for Spinal Radiography Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

9. 9 Remember Your Checklist Settings, image receptor, correct body part, center, and borders correct, collimate Label placement: Measure at: Measure in: Central ray: Parallel: Perpendicular: Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

10. 10 Cervical Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

11. 11 Cervical Vertebrae Lateral Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

12. 12 Cervical Vertebrae Lateral Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

13. 13 Cervical Vertebrae Hyperextended Lateral Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

14. 14 Cervical Vertebrae Hyperextended Lateral Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

15. 15 Cervical Vertebrae Flexed Lateral Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

16. 16 Cervical Vertebrae Flexed Lateral Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

17. 17 Cervical Vertebrae Lateral Oblique Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

18. 18 Cervical Vertebrae Lateral Oblique Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

19. 19 Cervical Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

20. 20 Cervical Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

21. 21 Vertebral Anatomy 6 th thoracic vertebrae 12 th and 13 th lumbar vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

22. 22 Thoracic Vertebrae Lateral Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

23. 23 Thoracic Vertebrae Lateral Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

24. 24 Thoracic Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

25. 25 Thoracic Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

26. 26 Thoracolumbar Vertebrae Lateral Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head/Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

27. 27 Thoracolumbar Vertebrae Lateral Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

28. 28 Thoracolumbar Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

29. 29 Thoracolumbar Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

30. 30 Important Points to Keep in Mind Similar positioning for views Collimate Image fewer Landmarks Parallel and perpendicular Extend the limbs for VD Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

31. 31 Lumbar Vertebrae Anatomy Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

32. 32 Lumbar Vertebrae Lateral Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head / Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

33. 33 Lumbar Vertebrae Lateral Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

34. 34 Lumbar Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head/Neck/Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

35. 35 Lumbar Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

36. 36 Vertebral Anatomy Canine Sacrum Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

37. 37 Lumbosacral Vertebrae Lateral Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head/Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

38. 38 Lumbosacral Vertebrae Lateral Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

39. 39 Lumbosacral Vertebrae Hyperextended Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head/Neck/ Sternum Vertebrae Comments and Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

40. 40 Lumbosacral Vertebrae Hyperflexed Measure: Central Ray: Borders: Positioning Place: Limbs: Head/Neck/Sternum Vertebrae Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

41. 41 Lumbosacral Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head/Neck/Sternum Vertebrae Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

42. 42 Lumbosacral Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

43. 43 Caudal Vertebrae Anatomy Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

44. 44 Caudal Vertebrae Lateral Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head/Neck/Sternum Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

45. 45 Caudal Vertebrae Lateral Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

46. 46 Caudal Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Measure Central Ray Borders Positioning: Place Limbs Head/Neck/Sternum Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

47. 47 Caudal Vertebrae Ventrodorsal Comments/Tips Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

48. 48 VD-Horizontal Beam Optional View Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

49. 49 Dorsoventral View Optional View Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

50. 50 Key Points Anesthesia or sedation Parallel and perpendicular Measure Collimate tightly Labels and markers Views Patient condition Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

51. 51 Mystery Radiograph Identify the foreign images. Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.