1. Fun Facts- The Lion King Simba means “lion” Mufasa means “King” Scar’s original name is Taka which means “trash”- he changed his name after getting his scar The two brothers were literally named “King” and “Trash” Pumbaa means “simpleton or stupid”

2. The Fall of the Republic

3. Effects of the Punic Wars The Punic Wars and Rome’s increasing wealth and empire brought many problems to the Republic The most serious problem was the increasing gap between the rich and the poor Rich landowners lived on huge estates called latifundia Many of these estates were created by the rich occupying conquered lands and taking other lands left behind by farmers that had to serve in the army

4. Effects of the Punic Wars Rome forced their war captives to work as slaves on the latifundia By 100 BCE, one-third of Rome’s population had become slaves Small farmers could not compete with the large estates run by slave labor Farmers also could not afford to repair their lands after Hannibal’s damage and sold their land to the rich

5. High Unemployment The farmers had to migrate to the cities and became homeless and jobless Urban poor became ¼ of the Roman society Levels of unemployment became very high The Roman currency experienced devaluation and became worthless

6. Internal Struggles The government needed taxes to pay for improvements and new jobs Officials were using their offices for personal gain There was no police force to help quell rebellions Private armies often fought each other

7. Civil War Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, who were tribunes, proposed reforms to help the poor and especially the landless former soldiers. Wealthy Senators felt threatened by their ideas The brothers were assassinated Civil War broke out in Rome in 121 BCE between the rich and poor classes

8. Civil War Powerful military leaders were in charge because generals now recruited poor soldiers by promising them land Soldiers fought for pay and owed loyalty only to their commander No more citizen soldiers of the Republic- a general supported by his own troops could take over by force

9. Emergence of Julius Caesar The ambitious and daring leader, Julius Caesar emerged from the Civil War to try and bring order to Rome In 60 BCE Caesar joined forces with Crassus, the most wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a very popular general With their help, Caesar was elected consul in 59 BCE For the next ten years these men dominated Rome as the First Triumvirate (group of three rulers)

10. Julius Caesar

11. Rise of Julius Caesar After spending one year as consul, Caesar appointed himself as governor of Gaul (France) From 58-50 BCE, Caesar led his legions on a campaign to conquer all of Gaul He shared in the hardships of war and won his soldier’s devotion and loyalty (also the people) Pompey became his rival and feared his rise to power

12. Rise of Julius Caesar Pompey urged the Senate to order Caesar to disband his legions and return home Caesar defied his orders and took his army across the Rubicon River on January 10, 49 BCE This was the southern limit of the area he controlled This led to another Civil War Pompey fled and Caesar defeated his army in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt Veni, Vidi, Vici

13. Caesar crossing the Rubicon

14. Caesar as Dictator

15. In 46 BCE, Caesar returned to Rome and was supported by the army and the masses The Senate appointed him dictator In 44 BCE Caesar was named dictator for life Many nobles and senators were afraid of his power, success, and popularity Many considered him a tyrant

16. Caesar as Dictator He granted citizenship to many people and expanded the Senate Helped the poor by creating jobs Started colonies where the landless could own land Increased the pay for soldiers

17. Assassination of Caesar A number of important senators, led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, plotted an assassination attempt On March 15, 44 BCE Caesar was stabbed to death by the conspirators, in the Senate Chamber Murdered in front of Pompey’s statue Stabbed 23 times on the Ides of March

18. Death of Caesar

21. The Second Triumvirate After Caesar’s death a civil war broke out again and destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic Three of Caesar’s supporters banded together to crush the assassins Caesar’s grandnephew and adoptive son, Octavian, joined forces with experienced general Marc Antony, and the powerful politician Lepidus They formed the Second Triumvirate

22. The Second Triumvirate

23. The Triumvirate controlled Rome for ten years sharing power amongst the three They led a purge of Rome in which they killed Caesar’s enemies and removed anyone they considered undesirable Jealously and violence soon broke out amongst the trio of leaders

24. Collapse of the Second Triumvirate Octavian forced Lepidus to retire Octavian and Marc Antony became rivals While leading troops against Rome’s enemies in Anatolia, Marc Antony met and fell in love with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt Octavian accused Antony of plotting to rule Rome from Egypt and civil war started again Octavian defeated Antony who then committed suicide with Cleopatra

25. Marc Antony and Octavian

26. Marc Antony and Cleopatra

27. Imperial Roman Empire Octavian said he would restore the republic He did keep some traditions- the Senate still met and consulted with Octavian Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of Rome He adopted the title of Augustus- “exalted one” Kept the title of imperator- supreme military commander- the word where emperor comes from Rome was now an empire Ruled by one man Augustus Caesar is officially Rome’s first Emperor

28. Octavian becomes Augustus Caesar