1. Research methods recap Identify what is being described on each slide.

2. An in depth area of study that usually looks at one individual. It can involve several other methods e.g. interview and observation and tends to look at the personal experiences of the participant. It is used when you need to study a unique/one off personal experience. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

3. These are carried out in a natural environment and the IV is manipulated and the DV measured. Therefore cause and effect can be established, but due to the natural environment extraneous variables are hard to control. It is used when you are looking for a difference between two things (variables) and the topic of interest can be studied in a real life setting. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

4. These gather detailed information from small groups of people (sometimes known as ‘focus groups’). Questions can be structured (pre determined), semi structured (some set questions, but new questions may arise as a result of answers) or unstructured (go with the flow!). It is used when you are looking for an attitude or opinion or specific information from a small amount of selected people. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

5. This measures the relationship between two things (variables) and results will show one of three outcomes. Positive correlation; when one variable increases so does another. Negative correlation; when one variable increases the other decreases. No correlation; there is no patter between the variables. Cause and effect cannot be established. It is used when you want to know if there is a relationship between two variables. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

6. This is a counting technique, where you simply count how many times something occurs. This is usually used to analyse transcripts of interviews, documents or text. The researcher will have a coding system before analysing so they know ‘what’ they are counting. E.g. if analysing violence on TV you may have the following categories you are looking for ‘punching’ ‘swearing’. It is used when you have qualitative data you want to turn into quantitative data. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

7. This is carried out in a controlled setting where the IV is manipulated and the DV is measured. The researcher has high control over extraneous variables and cause and effect can be established. It is used when you want to look for a difference/compare two things (variables). This is only appropriate when the topic of interest can be studied artificially. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

8. This is a printed series of questions which can be open or closed. Participants report on their own behaviour, which can be done face to face, online or by post. They are usually aimed at a particular group of people. It is used when you are looking for an attitude or an opinion and want specific information from a lot of people. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

9. This is when naturally occurring events are studied. The IV is naturally occurring, so it is not deliberately manipulated, the DV is measured. There is no random allocation of participants as everything is natural, therefore extraneous variables are not controlled. It is used when you are looking at the effects of something that has naturally happened. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

10. The researcher does not get involved with the behaviour and simply watches what happens. When watching, the observer will have behavioural categories (e.g. if observing affection your categories may be ‘hugging’, ‘kissing’) they are watching for and recording. They may observe an entire event (event sampling) or at certain time intervals e.g. every 10 minutes (time interval sampling). It is used when you want to see behaviour occurring naturally, with limited intervention. Laboratory experimentField experiment Natural experimentQuestionnaires Observationsinterviews correlationCase study Content analysis

11. Answers 1)Case study 2)Field experiment 3)Interview 4)Correlation 5)Content analysis 6)Laboratory experiment 7)Questionnaire 8)Natural experiment 9)Observations

12. Which method and why? For each short scenario discuss which research method/s would be most suitable and justify your choice. You can work in groups but you must write down your key points for each one

13. a)If women are better at multi-tasking than men b)The effects of being held hostage by a terrorist c)The long term effects of domestic violence d)The extent of mobile phone use in lessons e)If there is a relationship between stress and illness f)If workers are more productive on a day or night shift g)If young or old people are more helpful h)The usefulness of NHS services in supporting people who want to quit.

14. A quick recap on bias and generalisability Bias - A sample of the target population in which some members of the population are less likely to be included than others.samplepopulation E.g. Your target population is 16-19 year old students in Essex. Your sample (participants used) are 40 females aged 16 from Clacton and 10 males aged 18 from Southend. Why could this sample be seen as bias? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

15. Generalising – The extent to which the results from the sample used can be applied to the target population as a whole. E.g. Your target population is nurses who work at Basildon hospital. You carry out your research on nurses working who are working a weekend night shift. Why would it be difficult to generalise any results to the target population? …………..……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………

16. Sampling Homework For each sampling method you need to provide an example, explain implications on bias, implications on generalisability but why it is still used. You can set your homework out whichever way you prefer. ExampleBiasGeneralisabilityWhy is it still used Random Volunteer Opportunity Stratified Systematic

17. Complete the ethics homework sheets on the VLE. Print a copy and place in your folder to be checked. Ethics Homework