2. EFFECTS OF PRIMERS CONTAINING SULFUR AND PHOSPHATE MONOMERS ON BONDING TYPE IV GOLD ALLOY Yohsuke Taira, Kohji Kamada Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan Journal of Dentistry,Volume 36,Issue 8, August 2008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T86-4SJR2KF- 1&_user=3931974&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000054426&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=39 31974&md5=1402fc035d5855626b9ea53faa0c836a

3. Resin-bonded fixed partial denture Suitable biocompatibility Excellent corrosion resistance Easy procedure Au-Cu-Ag

5. five primers two sulfur one phosphate two sulfur–phosphate dual-function primers Au-Cu-Ag primer

6. Key factor to promoting adhesive bonding Au-Cu-Ag primerLuting agent Phosphate monomers Carboxylic monomer Silane-coupling agents Base metal alloy Sulfur monomers Gold alloy

7. Sulfur monomers Phosphate monomers

8. five primers two sulfur V-Primer Metaltite one phosphate Epricord two sulfur–phosphate dual-function primers Alloy Primer Metaltite/Epricord

10. Shear bond test X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis

11. Methods 10 mm. 2.5 mm. Au-Cu-Ag Shear bond test

12. Au-Cu-Ag alumina Au-Cu-Ag

13. primerLuting agent Acrylic rod 1.No primer 2.Metaltite 3.Epricord 4.V-Primer 5.Alloy Primer 6.Metaltite/Epricord X12 = 72 disk

14. Shear bond test Au-Cu-Ag Room temp 60 min 37’ water 24 h. thermocycled 0 Test tensile strength 6 sets of 6 specimens Au-Cu-Ag thermocycling Au-Cu-Ag thermocycled 5000 Test tensile strength 6 sets of 6 specimens

15. Results Au-Cu-Ag primerLuting agent Acrylic rod

16. Methods 10 mm. 2.5 mm. Au-Cu-Ag X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis

17. Au-Cu-Ag alumina Au-Cu-Ag

18. 10 kV, 15 mA. Magnesium 6 mmØ X-ray source : 10kV 15 mA. Take off angle 45 Detection depth and energy resolution : 0.5-3nm and 0.9 eV

19. Result 334.8 120 118 83.6 74 335.2 367.6 Ag2O 367.8 eV, AgO 367.4 eV, Cu2O 932.4 eV, CuO 933.8 eV Au 84 eV, Au 2 O 3 85.9 eV

20. Discussion success of the dental treatment with resin- bonded prostheses is related to the durability of adhesive bonding the greatest bond strength after thermocycling was achieved with Alloy Primer or Metaltite/Epricord

21. Discussion to evaluate the effect of functional monomers dissolved in primers, MMA- TBB resin that contains no functional monomer was used as a luting agent The base metals are characterized oxide layer on the metal surface Little oxide layer is created on pure noble metals without artificial surface treatment

22. Discussion V-Primer VBATDT Epricord MDP Alloy Primer VBATDT+MDP combined use of VBATDT with MDP is advantageous to bonding durability compared to the use of only VBATDT or MDP VBATDT is chemisorbed via sulfur atom on Au, Ag, and Cu. MDP has an affinity to the oxide layer generated on a base metal alloy

23. Discussion Metaltite MTU-6 Met/Epr TMU-6/MDP Epricord MDP Metaltite/Epricord group, combined use of MTU-6 with MDP promotes high bond strength The chemical interaction between MTU-6 and the alumina- blasted Au–Cu–Ag alloy may be similar to that of VBATDT

24. Discussion thermocycling test resulted in decreased bond strength, and the relationship between primer type and bond strength Thermal stress,such as mechanical stress, hydrolysis of resin, water diffusion into the bonded interface, and corrosion of substrate materials, as well as can clinically affect bonding durability

25. Discussion Met/Epr TMU-6/MDP V-Primer VBATDT Epricord MDP Alloy Primer VBATDT+MDP Metaltite TMU-6 “ pay attention to the types of functional monomer when selecting an appropriate primer to bond Au–Cu–Ag alloy retainers ”

26. Conclusion the primers (Metaltite/Epricord and Alloy Primer) containing a sulfur monomer with a phosphate monomer significantly improved the bond strength after 5000 thermocycles between a self- curing resin and Au–Cu–Ag alloy. No significant difference was found between Metaltite/Epricord and Alloy Primer.

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