1. 2 nd 9 weeks review

2. Cell Division

3. 1. The stage that a cell spends most of its life in is _________________. 2. The stage of mitosis in which the spindle forms is _________________ 3. The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the equator (middle) of the cell is ________________. 4. The division of the cytoplasm is called _____________________. interphase Prophase Metaphase Cytokinesis

4. 5. The reduction division process by which haploid cells are formed is termed ________________________. 6. The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes is _____________________. 7. The stage of mitosis in which chromatin shortens into chromosomes is __________________. 8. The stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform is ________________________________. Meisosis Mitosis Prophase Teleophase

5. 9. The stage of mitosis in which chromosomes uncoil ______________________. 10. The stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate from each other (ending with a complete set of chromosomes in each cell) is termed _________. Anaphase Teleophase

6. .. Metaphase centromere centriole spindles chromatid centriole Prophase spindle centromere spindle chromatid

7. Anaphase Telophase centriole chromatid spindle centriole Nuclear envelope Chromatid chromatid spindle

8. Meiosis/Genetics

9. 1.What scientist was instrumental in studying heredity and how characteristics are passed on from generation to generation? ______________ 2.Characteristics that are inherited are called _____________. 3. What are gametes? Gregor Mendel Traits Specialized cells involved in reproduction

10. 4. What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? 5. What type of plants did Mendel use in his genetic experiments? Haploid-cells that contain a single set of chromosomes Diploid-cells that contain 2 sets of chromosomes Pea Plants

11. 6. Different variations of a gene (example tall vs. short) are referred to As _____________. 7. The female sex chromosomes are ______and the male sex chromosomes are ______. 8. A trait that can be "observed" or seen is ____________ 9. A trait that is "hidden" or can not be seen in the presence of a dominant is __________________ XX XY Dominant Recessive allelle

12. 10. What an organism "looks" like is called its 11. The genetic makeup of an organism is called its 12. If an organism has two of the same alleles for a trait, the organism is _________for that trait. Phenotype Genotype homozygous

13. 13. If an organism has two different alleles for a trait, the organism is ________________ for that trait. 14. Meiosis begins with_____________ diploid cell and ends up with ________ haploid cells. Punnett Squares 15. The law that states genes separate during meiosis independently of one another. 16. When two alleles share dominance. For example a white chicken crossed with a black chicken produces offspring with both black and white feathers. Heterozygous 2 4 Law of Independent assortment Codominance

14. 17. When one allele is not completely dominant over another. For example when a white flower crossed with a red flower produces a pink flower. ________________ 18. An event in meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information. ___________________ 19. A term used to describe when a gene is located on the X or Y chromosomes. ____________________ Incomplete dominance Crossing over Sex-linked

15. 20.Three or more alleles of the same gene. For example in rabbit fur color there is an allele for each of the following colors: full color, chinchilla, Himalayan, and albino. __________ 21. A photograph of chromosomes grouped in order and in pairs. _____________________ 22. An abnormal karyotype when a homologous chromosome is missing the matching chromosome. Karyotype Multiple allelles Monosomy

16. 23. An abnormal karyotype when a homologous chromosome has an extra matching chromosome. 24. A type of mutation where one base in the strand of DNA is changed ________________. 25. A type of mutation where one base is added or deleted and shifts all the other bases up one position or down one position _________________. Trisomy Point mutation Frameshift mutation

17. 26. A type of mutation where a portion of the chromosome breaks off and is deleted ____________________ 27. A type of mutation where a piece of the chromosome breaks off and reattaches backwards. _________________ Deletion Inversion mutation

18. 28. B=black; b=brown A homozygous brown cow mates with a heterozygous black bull. (a) What is the genotypic ratio? (b) What is the phenotypic ratio? bb b BBb bb a) 1:1 b) 1:1

19. 29. P=pink; p=white. A heterozygous pink flower pollinates a heterozygous pink flower. (a) What is the genotypic ratio? (b) What is the phenotypic ratio? Pp P p P PP Pp pp a) 1:2:1 b) 3:1

20. Taxonomy

21. 1.What are the three domains? 2. Which two kingdoms have prokaryotes? 3. Which four kingdoms have eukaryotes? Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya Eubacteria & Archaeabacteria Protisa,Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia

22. 4. Which kingdom has organisms that can live in extreme, oxygen-free environments? 5. Which kingdom is the most diverse? Archae bacteria animalia

23. 6. Which kingdom absorbs it's nutrients from the environment? 7. Which kingdom has complex muti-cellular organisms that can move? 8. Which kingdom has complex autotrophic organisms that can not move? fungi Plantae animalia

24. 9. List the seven taxa in order: 10. The naming system invented by Carolus Linnaeus: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, & Species Binomial nomenclature

25. 11. A scientific name is made up of which two taxa? 12. Be able to identify an organism by using a dichotomous key Genus and Species Choose between two characteristics pick the one it has then follow the directions it tells you to.

26. Evolution

27. 1.Which type of natural selection selects for the average individual? Stabilizing selection ex. average spiders survive better than large (easier for predators) or small (can’t find food easily) 2. Which type of natural selection selects for an individual with one of the extreme ends on the continuum of traits? Directional selection Ex. Long-beaked woodpeckers might survive better than short-beaked or average-beaked if insects were deep in the tree

28. 4. Circle one: Do individuals or species evolve? 5. A _______________is when at least 50% of species on earth die. 6. A structure that is no longer needed but still present ______________. 3. Which type of natural selection selects for individuals on both of the extreme ends on the continuum of traits? Disruptive Selection EX. White & dark brown limpets (marine organisms) blend better with tan on light and dark rocks to avoid predators Species mass extinction vestigal organ

29. 7. When one species evolves into diverse forms that live in different ways. Example: Darwin's finches. 8. When one organism evolves to look like another organisms that is dangerous____________. 9. When an organism evolves to blend in with its environment _______________. Adaptive radiation Mimicry camouflage

30. 10. Determining the age of fossils by comparing its position in the rock layers to other fossils. Relative Dating 11. Determining the age of fossils by measuring the presence of a radioactive isotope. Radioactive Dating 12. Changes in allelic frequency or the gene pool can be caused by Genetic Mutation, Genetic Drift, or Natural Selection