1. First impacts of DMC adoption among smallholders in Cambodia General Directorate of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Second conference on Conservation Agriculture in South East Asia July, 7 th 2011 - Royal University of Agriculture - Phnom Penh – Cambodia Chabierski S., Tyneth L., Rada K., Sona S., Penot E., Boulakia S., & Séguy L.

2. Outline A/ Methodology developed by the PADAC to extend DMC technologies B/ Dynamic of adoption in the Pilot areas C/ Study case - Kampong Cham province C1/ Context References Farming System Monitoring Network (RFSMN) C2/ Implementation References Farming System Monitoring Network (RFSMN) C3/ Impact of DMC adoption C4/ First feed back from farmers D/ Conclusion

3. Extension in Pilot zones A/ Methodology developed by the PADAC to extend DMC technologies

4. A/ Methodology and Activity A/ Methodology and Activity Key principles Principles 1/ Choice of priority zones (FA strongly connected to market = highest pressure on Natural Resources) 2/ Initial context characterization (farms and socio-economic environment) 3/ Representative sample and progressively adapted tech-eco proposals for crops (and animal) management Results 1/ Impact tech-eco at plot and farm level of DMC 2/ “ Soft ” conditions requested for ease adoption 3/ Proposed orientation for up-scaled development

5. Pilot zones Cropping systems “matrix” # 1 for each main agro-ecosystem Scaling up / seeds multiplication Local network of farmers users, Trainers farmers network …… Demonstration/validation plot Thematic trials e.g. variety, fertilisation, organic… A/ Methodology and Activity A/ Methodology and Activity At pilot zone level … some details on methodology Detailed monitoring of a sampled farms sub-group Farms reference network

6. Extension in Pilot zones B/ Dynamic of adoption

7. Pilot zones LOCATION Phnom Penh office at GDA-MAFF 3 regional sectors = Pilot Zones : * Dambè Ponhea Krek since 2005 * Chamcar Loeu since 2004 + MAFF Bos Khnor station * Battambang – Pailin from 2009 B/ Dynamic of adoption B/ Dynamic of adoption

8. B/ Dynamic of adoption Evolution of DMC surfaces in the pilot zones 2011 (ha) 260 315 Batg. Dambae/ Ponhea Kreak Kampong Cham 2008 (ha) 2009 (ha) Chamcar-Leu 6,64 69 20 3,1 2010 (ha) 190 40 Ratanakmundul 4,535 From 370 ha in 2011 to 600 ha in 2012 (>700 households) Districts Sub-total 9,7489230 -----55

9. Extension in Pilot zones C/ Study case - Kampong Cham province (Dambae/Ponhea Kreak districts)

10.  Kampong Cham province : 120 km N-E of PP  Large surface of Upland, around 270 000 ha on basaltic “ plateaux ”  High pressure land, especially on top quality Red soils  Good market access, but small diversification of agro-industries (Rubber, Cassava)  Long process of land concentration (since 80 ’ s) : more than 50 % of the farms < 1-2 ha  Dambae/Ponhea kreak districts : farming systems mainly rely on rice production (self subsistence) and annual cash crops on uplands (cassava monoculture) C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C1/ Context Cassava monoculture, Dambae district (Sept 2009) Rainfed lowland rice, Dambae district (Sept 2009)

11. 1/ Sesame Soybean 2/Cassava Monoculture MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSept.Octob.Nov.Dec. disc High technical and economical randomization + soil ’ s degradation irregular and decreasing profit margins more and more farmers enter in “ poverty trap ” in the region C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C1/ Context – traditional cropping systems on uplands

12. From PADAC – “ Maize + Stylosanthes // Cassava + Stylosanthes g. ” – Dambae - Sept 2009

13. From PADAC – Cassava + Stylosanthes g. ” – Dambae - Sept 2009

14. From PADAC - Rolling (millet) before soybean sowing on a farmer plot (Chamcar-Loeu) – June 2009

15. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 0,5 Lowand only Lowland and upland Upland mainly 2,5 6 25 Farm surface (Ha) Type 1 & 2 : 70 % Type 3 & 4 : 29-30 % Type 5 : < 1 % C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province (Dambae district) C1/ Context – Main characteristics of the farming systems  Main criteria for the identified typology are (1) soils localization (upland or lowland) (2) the farm area and (3) the level of diversification  Other criteria : land tenure, proportion of rubber plantations within the farm, mechanisation, self-sufficiency in rice

16. C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province (Dambae district) C1/ Context – Main characteristics of the farming systems Agricol income (F. Thomas, 2008)

17. Definition : “a References Farming System Monitoring Network (RFSMN) is a set of representative farms for each type according to a farm typology”.  Farms are surveyed in-depth then followed and updated every year in order to measure - the impact of the projects’ implementations, - the development policies in progress, - the resulting innovations’ processes.  Prospective analysis according to price, yields evolution etc…  The final objective is to allow development operators to measure impacts and re–orientate rapidly their actions C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C2/ Implementation of a RFSMN

18. C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C2/ Implementation of a RFSMN - Modelisation

19. C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province (Dambae district) C2/ Implementation of a RFSMN – Presentation of the RFSMN  30 farms sampled in Kampong Cham province – 16 in Dambae/Ponhea kreak districts (10 DMC and 6 control)  Types 2,3 and 4 are represented – main « targets » of the project  Economic indicators at farm scale: farm and family incomes, tresorery management, evolution of the land capital and the diversification of the activities… Socio-economic survey in Kampong Cham – July 2009

20. C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ Impact of DMC adoption – Plot scale Cropping system 20092010 Mean yield (T/ha) Nb plots Mean yield (T/ha) Nb plots Cassava DMC (year 1)8.2747.673 Cassava DMC (year 2) 1 009.510 Conventional Cassava5.326515 Maize DMC (year 1)3.533.2560 Maize DMC (year 2) 2 3.333.725 Conventional Maize2.1122 1. Previous crop: « Cassava + Stylosanthes » - Proung on the implementation line 2. Previous crop: « Cassava + Stylosanthes » Evolution of the yields according to the cropping system

21. GPM = [Gross Product – operational costs] Market price 2010 – Cassava: 220 USD/Ton – Maize : 270 USD/ton C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ Economic results - Plot scale

22. C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ Impact of DMC adoption - from RFSM data base

23. Types 3&4 Type 2 C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ Impact of DMC adoption - from RFSM data base

24.  Different strategies according the farms ’ size : –Long term strategies for the farmers who have financial capital: investment in perennial crops (rubber&cashew) – Types 4 and 3 –Short term for the smallholder : annual crops + off-farm (lack of cash ; risk & debt …) – no risk – Type 2 –Intermediate strategies for the small and medium size farms –Diversification (livestock – different kind of cropping systems…) – Type 2&3  3 kind of investments with DMC incomes in the PADAC RFSM from 2008: i.Rubber tree (high market price – 5000 USD/ton) ii.Annual crops intensification through DMC adoption (cassava mainly) iii.Diversification through integration agriculture-livestock (from 2011) C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ Impact of DMC adoption – First elements of farmers strategies

25. C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C3/ Impact of DMC adoption – Diversification trough integration Agriculture-livestock AnimalsGroup Fattening duration (d) ADG (g/d) 1Test 145533 2Test 165485 3Test 167619 4Test 167463 5Test 167358 Mean492 6Control67149 7Control67119 8Control67179 9Control67157 10Control6782 Mean137 11Exp 224438 12Exp 224625 13Exp 224438 14Exp 224417 Mean479 Test 1: 5 local breed cattle were fed by farmers with 6 kg/day of fresh Stylosanthes with a complement of concentrate Test 2: 4 cattle received 3 kg per day of hay of Stylosanthes g. and the same complement

26. C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C4/ First C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C4/ First feed backs from farmers 1/ Positive feed_backs:  DMC yields > traditional management, when the cropping system is well managed  Reduction of labour penibility: cassava harvest and weedings 2/ Negative feed backs  High level of investment, in comparison with traditional management (Risk management)  Conversion to perennial crops  Technical control of the cropping systems 3/ Abandon rate in 2009 and 2010  40 to 45 % - Lower than 18 % in 2011…

27. Types 2&3 Types 4&5 Abandon factors (Kampong Cham, 2010) C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C4/ First C/ Study case – Kampong Cham province C4/ First feed backs from farmers

28. D/ Conclusion  The DMC extension had significantly increased since 2008 (370 ha in 2011)  The economic impact at plot and farm scale become to be significant  The training&technical support is necessary but not sufficiant, the adoption determinants have to be considered at territory and farming systems scales  The first adoption analysis highlight the fact that DMC adoption would be more complicated for the smallholders without an adapted approach  The diversification of the farming systems trough integration Agriculture- Livestock will be extended  Farmers Organisations support constitutes a priority for the perenisation of DMC adoption

29. Open & Transparent Markets ** Farmers Organizations Agro-industries processing in Cambodia Bank – MFI Input supply Services and Research ** With supervision: e.g. Public auction sale system (cf Thai rubber sector),  local - international price monitoring Contract Agriculture D/ Conclusion Contract Farming – a promising model of organization

30. FO (service provider) Members Income generation Income generation Services Fees Financial Capital increase Investment Benefit redistribution Maintenance  Better access to DMC specific mechanization D/ Conclusion Farmers organization support – Development of services

31. From PADAC – Cassava harvest – Feb 2011 Thank you for your kind attention….