1. Unit 1: Intro to Earth Science and Scientific Processes

2. Measurements ** ANSWERS ALWAYS INCLUDE A NUMBER AND A UNIT. Ex) not 6, but 6 in. Not ½, but ½ ft If you do not have the unit it is not correct. SI (Standard International) Units The unit you put a measurement in. This is the same around the world so that scientists can communicate even if they do not speak the same language. This is the metric system- BASED ON THE NUMBER 10

3. International System of Units (SI) Measurement length mass time temperature volume electric current Base Unit meter kilogram second Celsius (Kelvin) liters, meters cubed ampere

5. King Henry Died Unexpectedly (By) Drinking Chocolate Milk Prefixes you need to know Kilo- (k-)… 1 thousand(x 1000) or 10 3 Hecto- (h-)… 1 hundred(x 100) or 10 2 Deka- (D-)… 1 ten(x 10) or 10 1 Unit base - METER, LITER, GRAM Deci- (d-)… 1 tenth(x 1/10) or 10 -1 Centi- (c-)… 1 hundredth(x 1/100) or 10 -2 Milli- (m-)… 1 thousandth(x 1/1000) or 10 -3

6. Metric Stairs  You should be comfortable with converting from [cm] to [m], [mm] to [km], and so on. Convert: 1527 centigrams into hectograms: going four steps up means you move the decimal 4 places to the left. Therefore: 1527 centigrams =.1527 hectograms & 9.8712345 kg = (steps to the right) 9871234.5 mg

7. METRIC MATH..all based on 10 KILO HECTO DEKA BASE deci centi milli 1. 8.9 cm = __________ Dam 2..6143 km = _________ dm 3. 41.8 m = ____________ cm

10. Scientific Notation Scientific notation is a shorthand used for writing very large or very small numbers The number is expressed as a number between 1 and 10. That number is multiplied by a power of 10 to show the difference in the decimal Ex) 1,000,000 would be written as 1.0 x 10 6.0000001 would be 1.0 x 10 -6

11. Scientific Notation: Written w/ Powers of Ten 6.02 x 10 23 Coefficient Exponent

12. Convert the following between decimal form and scientific notation. 0.000 000 450 3.81 x 10 6 9.66 x 10 -4 75,000,000

13. Examples – Sci Notation & Standard Form 56.0000000000002 3,497.0124 4.67 x 10 7 7.1482 x 10 -3 2.6 x 10 8

14. Significant Figures These are the measurable digits in a number/measurement Use the Atlantic/ Pacific Rules If the number does not have a visible decimal, apply the Atlantic rule- start counting from the right with the first non-zero digit If the number has a visible decimal place, apply the Pacific rule- start counting from the left with the first non-zero digit

15. Significant Figures Rules If DECIMAL – Start at the Pacific (left) with 1 st non zero number.. Count to the Atlantic (right side). That is how many sig. figs If NO DECIMAL –Start at the Atlantic(right) with 1 st nonzero number. Count each number to the Pacific side. Ex; 981.0 - has 4 Sig. Figs Ex; 502,000 - has 3 Sig. Figs. cont

16. Examples How many significant figures are in the following measurements? 0.05730 m 8765 m 0.00073 g 40.007 m 143 grams 0.074 m-2 8.750 x 10 -2 grams 1.072 m

17. Sig Figs cont.. Rule: A number written in scientific notation – all coefficient numbers are sig. figs. Ex: 7.2910 X 10 5 - has 5 sig figs.

18. Examples How many significant figures are in the following measurements? 0.05730 m 8765 m 0.00073 g 40.007 m 143 grams 0.074 m-2 8.750 x 10 -2 grams 1.072 m

19. Precision A gauge of how exact a measurement is (consistent) This is limited by the least precise measurement Accuracy The closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured

20. Density Is the measure of how tightly packed the particles or matter of an object is.. It is the RATIO of a material’s MASS TO ITS VOLUME. Density identifies a material and is the same no matter the materials size.

21. Density Finding Density for a regularly shaped object : 5.0 cm 10.0 cm 4.0 cm Given : Mass = 827 g Find Volume: L X W X H plug in formula Remember:

22. What would you report as the length of each pin shown below? Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry  2002, page 122

23. What is the temperature as measured by each thermometer shown below? 10 5 0 4.0 o C 10 5 0 8.3 o C 100 50 0 64 o C 5 0 3.5 o C

24. 20 10