3. Click on a lesson name to select. Section 1: Echinoderm Characteristics Section 2: Invertebrate Chordates Chapter 27 Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates

4.  Echinoderms are deuterostomes. 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Spiny-Skinned animals Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  The approximately 6000 living species of echinoderms are marine animals. Chapter 27

5. Body Structure Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  The endoskeleton consists of calcium carbonate plates covered by a thin layer of skin.  Pedicellariae aid in catching food and in removing foreign materials from the skin.  small wrench or claw-shaped structure 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

7. Characteristics –no posterior or anterior end primitive nervous system –2 sided oral surface –mouth (ventral) aboral surface –top (dorsal) –internal skeleton –larval stages closely related to that of chordates

8. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Adult brittle star  Echinoderm larvae have bilateral symmetry.  All echinoderms have radial symmetry as adults. 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

9. Water-vascular System (Type of skeleton!) Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  The water-vascular system is a system of fluid- filled, closed tubes that work together to enable echinoderms to move and get food.  Tube feet are small, muscular, fluid-filled tubes that end in suction-cuplike structures and are used in movement, food collection, and respiration. 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

10. Finding NEMO?

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13. Feeding and Digestion Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  Extend their arms and trap food  Push their stomachs out of their mouths and onto their prey  Trap organic materials in mucus on their arms  Scrape algae off surfaces 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

14. Digestive –use tube feet to pry open prey clams, scallops –flips stomach into shell –secretes digestive enzymes –when finished pulls stomach back into its mouth –nocturnal

16. Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  Oxygen diffuses from the water through the thin membranes of the tube feet.  Circulation takes place in the body coelom and the water-vascular system.  Excretion occurs by diffusion through thin body membranes. 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

17. Response to Stimuli Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  Sensory neurons respond to touch, chemicals dissolved in the water, water currents, and light. 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

18. Movement Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  The structure of the endoskeleton is important for determining the type of movement an echinoderm can undertake.  Swimming  Crawling  Burrowing 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

19. Reproduction and Development Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  Most echinoderms reproduce sexually.  Echinoderms can regenerate lost body parts. 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

20. Sea Stars Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  Five arms arranged around a central disk  A single tube foot can exert a pull of 0.25– 0.30N.  Might have as many as 2000 tube feet  Video Video 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Do no write this slide Chapter 27

21. Brittle Stars Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  Most brittle stars have five arms.  Arms are thin and very flexible.  Move by rowing themselves quickly over the bottom rocks and sediments Brittle star 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Do no write this slide Chapter 27

22. Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  Sand dollars can be found in shallow water burrowing into the sand.  Sea urchins burrow into rocky areas.  Tests reflect the five-part pattern of arms.  Sea urchins can be herbivorous grazers or predators.  Sand dollars filter organic particles. 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Do no write this slide Chapter 27

23. Color and patterns

24. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Sand dollar Sea urchin 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

25. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Sea Lilies and Feather Stars  Sessile for part of their lives.  Can detach themselves and move elsewhere  Capture food by extending their tube feet and arms into the water where they catch suspended organic materials Feather star 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Do no write this slide Chapter 27

26. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Sea Cucumbers  Tube feet are modified to form tentacles which extend from around their mouths to trap suspended food particles.  Tentacles are covered with mucus.  When threatened, it can cast out some of its internal organs through its anus.  Video Video  video video Sea cucumber 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Do no write this slide Chapter 27

27. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Sea Daisies Do no write this slide  Less than 1 cm in diameter  Disc-shaped with no arms  Tube feet are located around the edge of the disc. Sea daisies 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

28. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Ecology of Echinoderms  Sea cucumbers and sea urchins are sources of food.  Commensal relationships exist between some echinoderms and other marine animals. 27.1 Echinoderm Characteristics Chapter 27

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30. Invertebrate Chordate Features 27.2 Invertebrate Chordates Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Lancelet  Fossil evidence and recent molecular data show that the amphioxus, or lancelet, is one of the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Chapter 27

31.  Chordates have four distinctive features. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  A dorsal tubular nerve cord  A notochord  Pharyngeal pouches  A postanal tail 27.2 Invertebrate Chordates Chapter 27

32.  The notochord is a flexible, rodlike structure that extends the length of the body. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  A notochord made fishlike swimming possible. 27.2 Invertebrate Chordates Chapter 27

33.  A postanal tail is a structure used primarily for locomotion and is located behind the digestive system and anus. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates 27.2 Invertebrate Chordates Chapter 27

34.  The dorsal tubular nerve cord is located dorsal to the digestive organs and is a tube shape. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  The anterior end of this cord becomes the brain and the posterior end becomes the spinal cord during development of most chordates. 27.2 Invertebrate Chordates Chapter 27

35.  Pharyngeal pouches were used first for filter feeding and later evolved into gills for gas exchange in water. Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates  In terrestrial chordates, pharyngeal pouches developed into the tonsils and the thymus gland. 27.2 Invertebrate Chordates Chapter 27