1. Nutrients…. What are they and why are they important?

2. Nutrient labels Lays out nutritional facts and figures

3. Nutrient labels

4. What are nutrients? Chemicals that allow for our bodies to function and provide energy Found in animals and plants Should not be confused with food groups –Fats, Dairy, Meats, Vegetables, Fruits and Breads

5. What are the nutrients

6. Calories What are calories? They are a measurement of energy The larger the amount of calories, the more energy provided If not completely burned, will be stored as fat Amount of calories consumed should be proportional to work done

7. Calculating Calories Calories come from three sources –Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats We receive 4 calories per gram of protein and carbohydrates We get 9 calories per gram of fat How many calories are in a steak with 10 grams of fat, 5 grams of carbohydrates, and 15 grams of protein?

8. Carbohydrates

9. 4 calories per gram of energy Purposes –Creates energy –Helps utilize vitamins All carbs are eventually turned in glucose –Glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose Two types of Carbs –Simple 1 or 2 molecules combined –Complex More than 3 molecules

10. Carbohydrates Simple –Glucose (sugar), sucrose, lactose –Fruits, candy, pop, fruit juice Complex –Starches and fibers –Cannot be easily digested by the body –Potatoes, rice, tortillas, and bread

11. Proteins

12. Protein Groups of amino acids joined together by a peptide bond –Peptide bond = carboxyl group reacts with Amino group Essential in the building of muscle tissue and providing energy Provide 4 calories per gram Come from the tissue of plants and animals

13. Amino Acids Are the building blocks of protein There are 20 amino acids used by the body, 8 essential and 12 non-essential Not only essential in food, but in plastics and medication Tryptophan is an amino acid, but does not make you drowsy –Eggs have the most –Turkey has less than eggs, cheese, cod, pork and soybeans

14. Amino Acids All amino acids are made of an amino and carboxyl group –Amino on the left, carboxyl on the right –R is the structure of the specific amino acid MSG is also a derivative of amino acids

15. Amino Acids Amino Acids combine to form different proteins A strain of amino acids that form proteins are called a polypeptides

16. Amino Acids

17. Fats Comprised of glycerol and fatty acids We receive 9 calories per gram Easier to burn than carbs but can catch up with you if combined with other energy producing nutrients There are many types of fat –Saturated – animal fats –Unsaturated – fish, nuts, oils –Trans fats – margarines and shortenings

18. Fats Unsaturated fats are considered to be better for you than saturated and trans fats Purpose –Provide energy – as a backup source Glycerol part of molecule turned to glucose –Aid in absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K –Aid in maintaining healthy skin and hair –Maintain proper cell function –Protect against some diseases

19. Fat Molecules

21. Vitamins

22. Organic compound required by our bodies Called a vitamin because it cannot be synthesized by our bodies –Cannot be made, must come from outside source Vitamins classified by chemical and biological activity, not their structure –Vitamins can contain several vitamers Vitamin A contains – retinal, retinol, and carotenoids Vitamins function with hormones, antioxidants, tissue growth

23. Vitamins - History Ancient Egyptians fed liver to reverse night blindness (now taken care of by vitamin A) Sailors often suffered from scurvy because of a lack of fresh fruit –Would affect muscles Our knowledge of vitamins came about after the turn of the 1900’s

24. Vitamins There are two types of vitamins –Water soluble Easily dissolvable in water Not readily kept in the body –Requires daily intake B vitamins and Vitamin C –Fat soluble Has to be absorbed in the intestines with the help of fats Easily accumulate in body, therefore you need to watch amount ingested Vitamins A, D, E, K

25. Vitamin A Most common forms are retinol and retinal Most common sources of vitamin A –Liver –Sweet Potato –Carrots –Broccoli –Butter

26. Vitamin A purposes Vision Gene transcription Immune function Embryonic development and reproduction Bone metabolism Skin health Reducing risk of heart disease Antioxidant Activity

27. B Vitamins Set of 8 vitamins that aid in cell metabolism Were once thought to be a single vitamin but have since been recategorized Deficiencies can lead to beriberi, pellagra, anemia, acne, high blood pressure, and others

28. The B Vitamins Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B3 (niacin) Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) Vitamin B6 Vitamin B7 (biotin) Vitamin B9 (folic acid) Vitamin B12

29. B Vitamin sources Potatoes Liver Bananas Peppers Beans Turkey Tuna

30. Energy drinks and B vitamins Energy drinks often tout their high levels of B vitamins –5 hour energy has 8,333% of your vitamin B12 needed for the day –Red Bull – 360% of vitamin B6 for the day The problem is they do not do anything special and usually they just pass through the body

31. Vitamin C Not just the signer of the Graduation Song! Most animals make ascorbic acid, a scientific name for Vitamin C, internally. Apes and humans however, do not have that capability We must supplement with Orange Juice or other foods/drinks with high levels Deficiency will cause scurvy – a disease that causes sores on the body and bleeding of the mucous membranes –Very common in 18 th and 19 th centuries and thought to be caused by a lack of fresh fruit

32. Vitamin C Red pepper and broccoli are very high in vitamin C naturally Liver, Oysters, heart and tongue are also high sources of vitamin C

33. Other Vitamins Vitamin D –Fat soluble –Comes from the sun and fortification in milk –Required for proper bone formation Otherwise become weak and osteoporosis forms Vitamin K –Required for blood clotting –Comes from Spinach, Broccoli, Cauliflower, and Avocado

34. Minerals Chemical elements required by all organisms –Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Carbon are not included because they are basic minerals There are two types of minerals Macro- minerals and Trace minerals –Macro required in large quantities –Trace minerals required in small amounts

35. Macro Minerals Calcium –Muscle and heart hearth and bone structure Sodium –Electrolyte and ATP use Chloride –Hydrocholic acid in stomach Magnesium –ATP and bones Phosphorus –Bones and energy Potassium –Electrolyte, ATP, and circulation

36. Trace Minerals Copper –Required for enzymes Iodine Iron –Proteins and enzymes including hemoglobin Manganese Selenium Zinc –Used with enzymes

37. Water Used as a dissolver Required for hydration Carries nutrients to cells