1. CHAPTER 30 Nuclear Physics (Binding Energy, Nuclear Reaction)

2. NUCLIDIC CHART

3. NUCLIDIC CHART AND DECAY Shorter half-life, faster decay. The stable nuclei are in the middle.

4. BINDING ENERGY

5. BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON High binding energy per nucleon means more stable nucleus. Nuclei of low binding energy per nucleon decay.

6. Binding Energy

7. NUCLEAR SHELL MODEL Some elements are much more abundant. Magic numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126, … Nuclei are extra stable if Z or N is a magic number. This indicates a shell structure

8. FISSION AND FUSION Fission: A big nucleus splits into smaller nuclei. Fusion: Small nuclei combine into a big nucleus.

9. FISSION

10. FUSION

11. NUCLEAR FISSION

12. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION Nuclear bomb!

13. RELEASING ENERGY FROM THE NUCLEUS

14. EXAMPLE

15. CALCULATE THE ENERGY RELEASED

16. NUCLEAR REACTOR (FISSION)

17. COMBINING SMALL NUCLEI

18. EXAMPLE

19. THERMONUCLEAR FUSION

20. ENERGY FROM FUSION D = 2 H, T = 3 H

21. FUSION IN THE SUN

22. PROTON-PROTON CYCLE The proton-proton cycle is a series of three nuclear reactions believed to operate in the Sun The net result is the joining of four protons to form a helium-4 nucleus Energy liberated is primarily in the form of EM radiation (gamma rays), positrons and neutrinos

23. NUCLEAR FUSION Nuclear fusion occurs when two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus This is difficult since the nuclei must overcome the Coulomb repulsion before they are close enough to fuse One way to do this is to cause them to move with high kinetic energy by raising them to a high temperature Also need a high density

24. CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION Magnetic Confinement: Use magnetic field to hold the fuel and induced current to heat the fuel. Inertial Confinement: Laser to confine the fuel pellet and heat up the nuclei.

25. FUSION For sustained fusion to occur, the following plasma conditions need to be maintained (simultaneously). * Plasma temperature: ( T ) 100-200 million Kelvin * Energy Confinement Time: ( t ) 4-6 seconds

26. MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT

28. Use magnetic field to hold the fuel and induced current to heat the fuel. MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT

29. MOVIE

30. HOW CLOSE ARE WE?

31. ITER Year 2016 $7 -10 billion

32. INERTIAL CONFINEMENT Laser to confine the fuel pellet and heat up the nuclei.

33. THE LASER Size of three football fields