1. PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Review
Abnormal Psychology, Eleventh Edition by Ann M. Kring, Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale, & Sheri L. Johnson

2. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, NY
Psychopathology
Study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders
Challenges to the study of psychopathology:
Maintaining objectivity
Avoiding preconceived notions
Reducing stigma
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3. Figure 1.1Four Characteristics of Stigma
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4. Characteristics of Mental Disorders
Personal Distress
Emotional pain and suffering
Helplessness and hopelessness of depression
Disability
Impairment in a key area
Chronic alcohol consumption results in job loss
Violation of Social Norms
Makes others uncomfortable or causes problems
Antisocial behavior of the psychopath
Dysfunction
Wakefield's Harmful Dysfunction
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Figure 1.2 Key Characteristics in the DSM-IV-TR Definition of Mental Disorder
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6. History of Psychopathology
Demonology
Possession by evil beings or spirits
Exorcism
Early Biological Explanations
Hippocrates (5th century BC)
Mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural) causes
Three categories: mania, melancholia, & phrenitis
Four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, & phlegm
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7. History of Psychopathology: Dark Ages
Monks cared and prayed for mentally ill
Witches
Torture sometimes led to bizarre delusional sounding confessions, e.g., concourse with demons.
Historians concluded many of the accused were mentally ill.
Little support for that conclusion.
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8. History of Psychopathology: Lunacy Trials
Trials held to determine sanity
Began in 13th century England
Municipal authorities assumed responsibility for care of mentally ill
Lunacy
Attribues insanity to misalignment of moon and stars
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9. History of Psychopathology: Asylums
Establishments for the confinement and care of mentally ill
Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (1243)
One of the first mental institutions
The wealthy paid to gape at the insane
Origin of the term bedlam
Treatment non-existent or harmful at asylums
Early medical treatment could be harmful
Benjamin Rush recommended drawing copious amounts of blood!
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10. History of Psychopathology: Pinel’s Reforms and Moral Treatment
Philippe Pinel ( )
Pioneered humanitarian treatment at LaBicetre
Moral Treatment
Small, privately funded, humanitarian mental hospitals
Friends Asylum (1817)
Patients engaged in purposeful, calming activities (e.g., gardening)
Talked with attendants
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11. History of Psychopathology: Dorothea Dix
Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill
Urged improvement of institutions
Worked to establish 32 new, public hospitals
Hospitals staffed with physicians
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12. Early Foundations: Biological Approaches
General paresis
Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms
Caused by syphilis
Since general paresis had biological cause, other mental illness might also.
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13. Early Foundations: Genetics
Galton’s work lead to notion that mental illness can be inherited
Behavioral genetics
Extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics
Eugenics
Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics from the population
Many state laws required mentally ill to be sterilized
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14. Early Biological treatments
Insulin-coma therapy
Sakel, 1930s
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Cerletti and Bini (1938)
Induce epileptic seizures with electric shock
Prefrontal lobotomy
Moniz (1935)
Often led to listlessness, apathy, and lack of some cognitive abilities
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15. Early Foundations: Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)
Pioneered classification of mental illness based on biological causes
Published 1st psychiatry text (1883)
Mental illness as syndrome
Cluster of symptoms that co-occur
Proposed two major syndromes
Dementia praecox
Manic-depressive psychosis
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16. Early Foundations: Psychological Approaches
Mesmer ( )
Treated patients with hysteria using “animal magnetism”
Early practitioner of hypnosis
Breuer ( )
Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis
Catharsis
Release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking about event
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17. Early Foundations: Freud
Psychoanalytic theory
Human behavior determined by unconscious forces.
Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces.
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18. Freud’s Structures of the MindId
Unconscious
Pleasure principle
Immediate gratification
Libido
Energy of ID
Ego
Primarily conscious
Reality principle
Attempt to satisfy ID’s demands within reality’s constraints
Superego
The conscience
Develops as we incorporate parental and society values
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19. Freud’s Stage Theory of Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage (birth to 18 mos.)
Primary satisfaction from sucking & chewing
Anal Stage (18 mos. to 3)
Pleasure derived from elimination
Phallic Stage (3 to 5 or 6)
Pleasure derived from sexual organs
Latency Period (6 to 12)
Id impulses not a factor
Genital Stage (adulthood)
Heterosexual interests predominate
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20. Fixation and Regression
Too little or too much gratification leads to fixation at that stage
When stressed, individual regresses to earlier stage.
Behaves in ways that were appropriate at an earlier age
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Defense Mechanisms
Id, Ego, & Superego continually in conflict
Conflict generates anxiety
Defense mechanisms
Psychological maneuvers used to manage stress & anxiety
Repression
Intentional, although unconscious, forgetting
Memories, impulses, traumatic events
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22. Table 1.1 Selected Defense Mechanisms
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23. Table 1.2 Major Techniques of Psychoanalysis
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Neo-Freudians
Jung
Analytical psychology
Incorporates Freudian and humanistic psychology
Collective unconscious
Archetypes
Adler
Individual psychology
Fulfillment derived from working for the social good
Ego Analysis
Emphasized individual’s control of environment
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Rise of Behaviorism
John Watson ( )
Behaviorism
Emphasis on learning rather than innate tendencies
Focus on observable behavior
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26. Classical Conditioning
Pavlov ( )
Learning through association
Elements of learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Watson & Raynor (1920)
Classically conditioned fear in Little Albert
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Operant Conditioning
E. Thorndike ( )
Learning through consequences
Law of Effect
B.F. Skinner ( )
Principle of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened
Negative reinforcement
Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened
Shaping
Reward a sequence of responses that approximate the final response
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Modeling
Learning by imitating others’ behavior
Can occur without reinforcement
Bandura & Menlove (1968)
Modeling reduced children’s fear of dogs
Behavior Therapy
Systematic Desensitization
Aversive conditioning
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29. Mental Health Professions
Clinical Psychologist
Ph.D. or Psy.D.
Psychiatrist
M.D.
Social Workers
M.S.W.
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30. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, NY
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