1. Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Chapter 15

2. Struggle in Latin America In the early 1900s, Latin America enjoyed business success. However, investors from other countries controlled much of the region’s natural resources. Military leaders and wealthy landowners held most of the power in the region. Only a few people benefited from the economy most people lived in poverty.

3. The Mexican Revolution By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for 35 years. Faced with revolution Diaz resigned office 1911. A bloody struggle for power called the Mexican Revolution began. Francisco Madero, a liberal who had demanded free elections, was elected President in 1911. Madero, was unable to unite the deeply divided and impoverished country. In 1913 General Victoriano Huerta overthrew Madero and had him killed. “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza formed an uneasy coalition against Huerta.

4. Pancho Villa & Venustiano Carranza

5. Mexican Revolution Continued Villa and Zapata were peasants and wanted to make broad changes. Carranza, was a rich landlord and disagreed. After defeating Huerta, Carranza turned on Villa and Zapata and defeated them. In 1917, Carranza was elected President. He approved a new constitution. The new constitution of 1917, included land reform, nationalization of natural resources, and making land owned by the Church “the property of the nation.” The Constitution also provided a minimum wage and protected workers right to strike.

6. The PRI Controls Mexico Fighting continued in Mexico throughout the 1920s. In 1929, the government organized what later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI managed to accommodate many groups in Mexican society including, business and military leaders, peasants, and workers. The PRI did this by adopting some of the goals of these groups while keeping real power in its own hands. The PRI suppressed opposition but was able bring stability to Mexico and over time many desired reforms. The PRI dominated Mexico from the 1930s until the free elections of 2000.

7. Nationalism in Latin America Latin American economies were hurt in the 1930s by the Great Depression. Latin Americans began to demand economic nationalism or home control of the economy. Some nations took over foreign-owned properties and businesses. Cultural Nationalism (the rejection of European influences) also began to grow. The Great Depression also triggered Political Nationalism. People began to reject western ideas of democracy and belief in the individual. In the midst of economic crisis, stronger, authoritarian governments rose in Latin American countries. People hoped these governments could control, direct, and protect each country’s economy more effectively.

8. The Good Neighbor Policy During and after World War I, investments by the U.S. in Latin America soared. The U.S. continued to play the role of international policeman in Latin America. In 1914, the U.S. occupied the port of Veracruz, on the pretext of punishing Mexico for imprisoning American sailors, but in reality to help Carranza win power. These type of actions resulted in an anti-American attitude in Latin America. To improve attitudes in Latin America toward the U.S. Franklin Roosevelt instituted the “Good Neighbor Policy” towards Latin America. This policy was essentially to stay out of Latin American politics.

9. Nationalism in Africa In the early 1900s Europeans controlled most of Africa and kept the best lands for themselves. During WWI many Africans had fought on behalf of their colonial rulers. They hoped this would lead to more rights and opportunities. Things largely remained the same or got worse. Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule. Woodrow Wilson’s call for national self-determination also encouraged African nationalism. Protests and opposition to imperialism multiplied.

10. Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa Between 1910 and 1940, whites strengthened their grip on South Africa. During this time blacks lost their right to vote and were kept from certain jobs, in a system of segregation. The system of segregation set up at this time would become even stricter after 1948, when apartheid, a policy of rigid segregation was set up.

11. Nationalism and an “Africa for Africans” In the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism began to flourish. This movement called for a unity of Africans and those of African descent around the world. Marcus Garvey called for an “Africa for Africans,” demanding an end to colonial rule. African American scholar and activist W.E.B. DuBois organized the first Pan-African Congress in 1919. The Negritude Movement was a movement among French speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean, in which writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule.

12. Marcus Garvey & W.E.B. DuBois

13. Egypt Gains Independence African nationalism brought little political change except in Egypt. After WWI, protests, strikes, and riots forced Britain to grant Egypt their independence in 1922. Britain still controlled Egypt’s monarchy. During the 1930s many young Egyptians joined the Muslim Brotherhood. This group fostered a broad Islamic nationalism that rejected Western culture and denounced corruption in the Egyptian government.

14. Turkey and Persia Modernize In 1920 the Ottoman Sultan gave up land to the Greeks in Asia Minor in a treaty. When the Greeks landed in Asia Minor to assert Greece’s claims, Turkish nationalist led by Mustafa Kemal, overthrew the sultan, defeated the Greeks and declared Turkey a republic. Kemal worked to modernize Turkey. Inspired by Kemal, Reza Khan overthrew the Persian shah and worked to modernize Persia/Iran. Both Kemal and Khan replaced Islamic traditions with Western ways, that Muslim leaders condemned.

15. Mustafa Kemal & Reza Khan

16. Arab Nationalism in the Middle East The use of gasoline-powered engines in WWI increased interest in the oil rich Middle East. Arab nationalism grew in response to foreign influence. This nationalist movement was called Pan-Arabism and and was built on the shared heritage of Arabs who lived in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa. Arabs hoped to gain independence after WWI, and the help they gave the Allies fighting against the Ottoman Turks. They felt betrayed when the French and British took control of their lands.

17. The Struggle for Palestine Since the beginning of the Diaspora in Roman times, Jews had dreamed of returning to the land of Judea, or Israel. In 1897, Theodor Herzl had responded to growing anti-Semitism, or prejudice against Jewish people, in Europe, by founding the modern Zionist movement. His goal was to rebuild a Jewish state in Palestine. During WWI, the Allies had made the conflicting promises of returning the Arabs their kingdoms (including Palestine) and the Balfour Declaration, a statement advocating a homeland for Jews in Palestine. As more and more Jews moved to Palestine the Arab population also increased. Tensions between the two groups developed and for the rest of the 20 th century Arabs and Jews have fought over the land that Arabs called Palestine and Jews called Israel.

18. Theodor Herzl

19. India Seeks Self Rule During WWI, more than a million Indians had served overseas. The British had promised India greater self- rule. When the fighting was over Britain did little to increase India’s self-rule. Since 1885, the Indian National Congress party, called the Congress party, had pressed for self-rule within the British empire. In 1919, British soldiers killed or wounded hundreds of peaceful Indian protestors in the Amritsar massacre. After the Amritsar massacre, the Congress party began to demand full independence.

20. Amritsar Massacre

21. Gandhi and the Nonviolent Movement In the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi emerged and united Indians across class lines in an independence movement. For 20 years Gandhi fought laws in South Africa that discriminated against Indians. Gandhi followed Henry David Thoreau’s ideas of civil disobedience. He combined this with his belief in ahimsa, or nonviolence toward all living things. The Salt March, was a nonviolent civil disobedient protest against the British monopoly on the sale of salt. All around the world, newspapers criticized Britain’s harsh reaction to the protest. Slowly, Gandhi’s campaign forced Britain to hand over some power to the Indians. Britain also agreed to meet other demands of the Congress party.

22. Gandhi & the Salt March

23. The Chinese Republic in Trouble When the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911, Sun Yixian became president of China’s new republic. Sun hoped to rebuild China on the Three Principles of the People—nationalism, democracy, and economic security for everyone. China quickly fell into chaos in the face of the “twin evils” of warlord uprisings and foreign imperialism. Sun Yixian stepped down in favor of general Yuan Shikai, who he believed could create a strong central government and restore order. The military did not support the general and when Yuan died in 1916, China plunged into greater disorder. In the provinces, local warlords seized power. Rival armies battled for control, the economy collapsed and peasants suffered.

24. Foreign Imperialism During the early part of the 20 th century foreign merchants, missionaries, and soldiers dominated the ports China had opened to trade. During WWI, Japanese officials presented Yuan Shikai with the Twenty-One demands, a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate. China gave in to some of Japan’s demands. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Allies gave the Japanese control over some former German possessions in China, infuriating the Chinese nationalists.

25. The May Fourth Movement Student protests erupted in Beijing, on May 4, 1919, in response to the Japanese being given Chinese territory by the Allies. The protests set off a cultural and intellectual ferment known as the May Fourth Movement. Its goal was to strengthen China’s position by rejecting Confucian traditions and learning from the West. The hoped to use their new knowledge to end foreign domination.

26. Jiang Jieshi Leads the Nationalists In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang or Nationalist party, established a government in south China. When the Western democracies refused to help Sun defeat the warlords he accepted help from the Soviet Union and the small group of Chinese communists. After Sun’s death Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek), an army officer took over the Guomindang. Jiang was determined to smash the warlords and reunite China.

27. Nationalist versus the Communists In 1926, Jiang Jieshi began the Northern Expedition with the help of the Chinese Communists to crush the warlords and capture Beijing. Jiang would take control of a new government led by the Guomindang. Early in 1927, in the middle of the Northern Expedition, Jiang ordered the slaughter of thousands of Chinese Communists. This massacre marked the beginning of a civil war between the Communists and the Guomindang that lasted for 22 years.

28. Mao Zedong and the Communists Mao Zedong was a young communist revolutionary who escaped Jiang’s attack. Unlike earlier Chinese Communists, Mao believed that the Communists should seek support not among the small urban working class but among the large peasant masses. In southeastern China, Mao and the Communists redistributed land to peasants and promised other reforms.

29. Jiang Jieshi & Mao Zedong

30. The Long March Jiang Jieshi was determined to destroy the “Red bandits.” He led the Guomindang in a series of “extermination campaigns” against them. The Guomindang harassed Mao’s retreating forces on the Long March, from 1934 to 1935 to a new power base in Northern China. On the Long March Mao’s forces treated the peasants well, paying for goods they used. Of the 100,000 who started the 6,000 mile trek only about 8,000 marchers survived.

31. Mao on the Long March

32. Japanese Invasion In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria adding it to its growing empire. As Japanese aggression increased, a faction within the Guomindang forced Jiang to form a united front with the Communists against Japan. In 1937 Japan struck again, starting what became the Second Sino-Japanese war. Jiang retreated to the interior of China and set up a new capital at Chongqing. After a lengthy siege, Japanese troops marched into the city of Nanjing (the former Guomindang capital). In the “rape of Nanjing” the Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians and brutalized more. With some clashes the Guomindang and the Communists maintained a united front until the end of the war with Japan.

33. Japan on the Rise in the 1920s. Emperor Hirohito reigned from 1926 to 1989. During World War I, the Japanese economy grew, because of exports to the Allies. During the war Japan made demands on China in the Twenty-one Demands. After the war Japan was given German possessions in China. During the 1920s, Japan moved toward more widespread democracy. The Diet—Japanese Parliament—exercised power. In 1925 all adult men won the right to vote. Emperor Hirohito was still considered a divine leader. Despite leaning toward greater democracy, political parties were manipulated by the zaibatsu (Japan’s powerful business leaders).

34. Problems Below the Surface Peasants and factory workers did not share in the nations wealth. The younger generation was rejecting tradition and family authority in favor of the Western ideal of individual freedom. Conservatives especially military officers, blasted government corruption, including payoffs by zaibatsu. Conservatives also condemned Western influences for undermining basic Japanese values of obedience and respect for authority. An earthquake struck the Tokyo area in 1923, killing over 100,000 people.

35. The Nationalist Reaction In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force. Economic disaster fed the discontent of the leading military officials and ultranationalists. They condemned politicians for agreeing to Western demands to stop overseas expansion. They also resented Japanese being treated as second class citizens in other parts of the world. Nationalist demanded renewed expansion to provide the empire with much needed raw materials.

36. The Manchurian Incident Japanese military officers blew up tracks on a Japanese owned railroad in Manchuria. They blamed the act on the Chinese. Claiming self-defense the Japanese attacked Chinese forces without consulting their own government. They conquered all of Manchuria and set up a puppet state they called Manzhouguo. When the politicians objected to the army’s actions, public opinion sided with the military. This strengthened the power of the military. When the League of Nations condemned Japanese aggression against China, Japan simply withdrew from the League.

37. Militarists in Power In the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning support from the people for foreign conquests. Members of extreme nationalist societies assassinated a number of politicians and business leaders who opposed expansion. They hoped the Military would take over. Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government and, in 1936 briefly occupied the center of Tokyo.

38. Traditional Values Revived Civilian government survived, but the unrest forced the government to accept military domination in 1937. To please the ultranationalists the government cracked down on democratic freedoms. It revived the ancient warrior values and built a cult around Emperor Hirohito, whom many believed was descended from the sun goddess. The government used schools to teach absolute obedience to the emperor and service to the state.

39. More Expansion in China Taking advantage of China’s civil war Japan resumed its invasion of China in 1937, starting the Second Sino-Japanese war. In 1936, Japan allied with two aggressive European powers, Germany and Italy. In 1940 Germany, Italy and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, cementing the alliance known as the Axis Powers.