1. MODAL VERBS can / can’t must / mustn't have to / don’t have to

2. MODAL VERBS: can Use the basic form of the main verbs after the modal verbs.

3. MODAL VERBS: can Statement Negation Question Mike cannot whistle MikeCan canwhistle can’t whistle ?

4. MODAL VERBS: can CAN is used to indicate the possession of an ABILITY. e.g. He can swim. (He knows how to swim)

5. MODAL VERBS: can CAN is used to indicate a present or future GENERAL POSSIBILITY. e.g. You can’t fly to the U.S.A. from Girona. (It is not possible to fly to the U.S.A. because there are regular flights from Girona)

6. MODAL VERBS: can CAN are also used to ask for & give PERMISSION. e.g. Can I speak to the patient just a few minutes? No, you can’t (You ask the doctor if he lets you speak to the patient)

7. MODAL VERBS: can - ability Modal verbs are DEFECTIVE, they do NOT have ALL verb TENSES.

8. MODAL VERBS: tenses Tense forms do not always match a time.

9. MODALS: can – could – was able to Can: things we are able to do GENERALLY and AT THE MOMENT. Amy can speak five languages. Look! I can see a deer behind those trees! Could: things we were able to do GENERALLY in the past: Amy could speak three languages as a kid. (= Amy was able to speak...) Could is not used for PARTICULAR occasions: He didn't speak a word of Chinese but he managed to do all he needed = was able to do

10. MODALS: Your turn can – could – be able to run 10 Km in an hour (you, ?) 1.Can you run 10km in an hour 2.Yes, I can 3. - So can I - Me too 4. No,I can't 5. -Neither can I Me either

11. MODALS: Your turn can – could – be able to Contribute to make a better world (we, ?) Can we contribute to make a better world? Yes, we can So can we Pardon? A better world? No, we can't Neither can we

12. MODALS: Your turn can – could – be able to How many languages speak as a child (you, ?) 1. How many languages could you speak as a child? I could speak three languages when I was seven years old. So could I I could only Speak two languages Me too

13. MODALS: Your turn can – could – be able to do all packing yesterday (you, ?) Further practice: OGP, Unit 39 1. Were you able to do all packing yesterday? 2. Yes, I was. And you? Were you able to finish? 3. No, I wasn't 4. Neither was I (Me either)

14. MODAL VERBS: have to Use the basic form of the main verbs after the modal verbs.

15. MODAL VERBS: have to Statement Negation Question Mike doesn’t have tostudy have toDoes has tostudy study ? have toYou You/Mikehad to You/Mike You didn’t have to don’t have to Mike you/Mike youDo Did

16. MODALS: Obligation - necessity have to / must In the present we use MUST and HAVE TO to say that something is NECESSARY or OBLIGATORY. MUST: strong recommendation or offer. You must be at home by 9 p.m. You must visit us at out house at the seaside! I have to work on Saturday morning.

17. MODALS: Obligation - necessity have to / must Small difference in meaning, not always evident in positive sentences. MUST: the speaker thinks it is necessary. You must tidy up all this mess right now. HAVE TO: necessary because of rules, laws or external circumstances. I have to work today. Often both forms are possible: You must take your job seriously. You have to take your job seriously.

18. MODAL VERBS: must / have to When referring to the past, we use only HAD TO. e.g. Danny had to go to work yesterday.

19. MODAL VERBS: must/ have to In the negative they have different uses. MUSTN’T: prohibition. e.g. You mustn’t take photos. (It is prohibited to take photos) DON’T HAVE TO: absence of necessity. e.g. You don’t have to wear a white coat. (You don’t need to wear a coat)

20. MODAL VERBS: Your turn must/ have to Women must fight for their rights all over the world. Women have to fight for their rights everywhere. Women must be paid as much as men for the same job. Women have to get the same salary as men do.

21. MODAL VERBS: Your turn must/ have to Do our homework in groups … Go to Jane's. come back home before ten. We have to do our homework in groups. I must go to Jane's. Ok but you must come back home before 10.

22. MODAL VERBS: Your turn mustn't / don't have to You / drink alcohol. You / thank me for the add You mustn't drink any alcohol You don't have to thank me for the add.

23. MODAL VERBS: Your turn mustn't / don't have to You / make love in the area. We / wear a uniform We / pay for beer tomorrow. You mustn't make love in the area. We didn't have to wear a uniform at school You won't have to pay for beer tomorrow.

24. MODAL VERBS: Your turn must/ have to FURTHER PRACTICE AND THEORY St's book, page 134-5: 5C, a-b OGP, Units 41, 42, 43 KEY TO St's book, page 135, 5C, a-b