2. ‘50 : plastic industry Gobal annual production : 260 Mt Plastic = 10% of our garbage = 260 million x Plastic

3. DUMP Ends up in the OCEAN Problem

4. Total surface in oceans occupied by plastic => 700 000 km² (~France) - 15 000 000 km² Highest accumulation : Northern Hemisphere high population density industry prosperity Problem

5. Impact FAUNA At least 267 different species are known to have suffered from entanglement or ingestion of marine debris

6. Impact CORAL REEFS Damaged by dumped fishing material (nets) Eg : Coral reef N-W of Hawaï ->1996-2006 : 511 ton fishing material removed

7. First established in ‘60 1974 : British Plastics Federation and a Fellow of the Plastics Institute, stated that ‘‘plastics litter is a very small proportion of all litter and causes no harm to the environment except as an eyesore’’ => ETHICAL ISSUE Awareness

8. MARINE DEBRIS = 60% - 80% plastic (!) TOURISM (!) FISHERY 15% ends up on beaches- polystyrene in fish -> poison - damaged ecosystems -> less fish Development

9. Breakdown : photo degradation (Nivea, Colgate, L’Oreal, Garnier, Gillette, Clearasil, Johnson & Johnson, Ikea, Biotherm, Albert Heijn and Aldi) + heat & light MICROPLASTICS (< 5mm) MACROPLASTICS Development SCRUBSTOOTHPASTE

10. MICROPLASTICS How small are they ? Can they be filtered out ? => (!) End up in human food chain (!) What are the consequences ? -> human health ? => Can threaten human health => Becoming an important issue Microplastics

11. ‘86 : International Coastal Cleanup -> local effort for one day each year “Clean-Up the World” (UNEP) Marine Conservation Society (NGO) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US government) Solutions ?

12. Recent : The Ocean Cleanup Array -> Boyan Slat (19 years old) ‘Passive clean up’: - array of floating barriers fixed to the sea bed - using the natural circulation period - extracted plastic => energy, oil, new materials (!) GOAL : Extract 7 250 000 kg of plastic from the oceans in just 5 years Solutions ?

13. Most important = handle source (!) Radically reduce influx of new plastic pollution HOW ? Solutions ?

14. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION