1. Protestant Reformation And Catholic Counter- Reformation

2. The Medieval Church Religious Functions: Sunday Masses, Feast Days, Sacraments, Rites of Passage (Baptisms, Marriages, Funerals Social Functions: Hospitals, Charity, Education Organization: Cathedrals, parishes and monasteries

3. Church Hierarchy Hierarchy Pope Cardinals Archbishops and Bishops Abbots Parish priests Deacons Laypeople

4. Corruption Sale of Indulgences Simony (Sale of Church Offices)

5. Early Reformers Waldensians Wandering preachers Translated the Bible into the Vernacular Persecuted for preaching without Church permission John Wycliff Scholar, translated the Bible into English Burnt at the Stake Jan Hus Bohemian reformer who challenged Papal authority, burnt at the stake Christian Humanists (Sir Thomas More and Erasmus of Rotterdam) Criticized Church Corruption, wanted better behavior from the Clergy

6. Martin Luther Augustinian Friar (priest) Professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg

7. Luther’s 95 Theses Objected to the Sale of Indulgences Challenged the Catholic teaching on salvation Rejected the idea of Purgatory Rejected the Sacrament of Penance Wrote that salvation was between God and the individual Preached the doctrine of Justification by Faith Alone

8. Sola Scriptura Meant that the Bible was the sole source of authority Rejected Church tradition and most of the sacraments Advocated (and practiced) translating the Bible into the vernacular Urged the Laity to read and interpret the Bible for themselves

9. Lutheran Reforms Church services in the vernacular Married clergy Elimination of most sacraments Lutheran services still very liturgical, formal

10. John Calvin French speaking reformer from Geneva Published “The Institutes of the Christian Religion”

11. Calvinism Agreed with Lutheranism that the Bible was the sole source of authority Agreed that laypeople should read the Bible in the vernacular Emphasized the doctrine of Predestination, the idea that God decides whether or not an individual has Grace and can be saved Rejected the papacy, the Catholic hierarchy, and the use of images in worship Abolished the Church calendar (no holidays, no Christmas, etc.) Set up a strict theocracy in Geneva Calvinists emphasized simplicity in worship, “Four Walls and a Pulpit”

12. The Printing Press The invention of the Printing Press rapidly spread Protestant ideas to the educated classes across Europe The Printing Press made books affordable and available to a wider audience

13. Spread of Lutheranism Lutheranism spread into Germany, Bohemia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Livonia (Estonia and Latvia)

14. Spread of Calvinism Calvinism spread into Holland, England, Scotland, France, Poland and Bohemia John Knox was an influential Presbyterian (Calvinist) Preacher in Scotland

15. THE COUNTER- REFORMATION

16. The Council of Trent, 1545-1564 Met periodically in Trent, Italy Protestants were invited but mostly boycotted the council

17. Council of Trent decisions Rejected Predestination, affirmed the Catholic doctrine of Free Will Affirmed the doctrine of salvation by faith and works, rejected justification by faith alone Crackdown on Sale of Indulgences and Simony

18. Society of Jesus Founded by Ignatius Loyola, a former soldier Sometimes called “The Pope’s Footsoldiers” Emphasized education, opened colleges all over the world, revamped curriculum to include Christian humanism Very persuasive: they were excellent debaters and used the printing press to print books and articles challenging Protestant ideas

19. Influence of the Counter- Reformation “Reclaimed” Poland, Bohemia, France and Hungary Spread Catholic Christianity to North America, South America and parts of East Asia