1. Analysis of Sports Performance Introduction

2. Coaches and athletes need to know how movement and physiology affect performance. There is also increasing awareness of sports psychology, and how the mind can affect performance – factors such as stress and motivation can make the difference between winning and losing Performance may also depend on a technical or tactical aspect. This unit introduces the need to analyse sporting performance

3. Continued.. Every high-level or world-class athlete will suffer from a loss of form or a significant setback. By analysing their performance, athletes can address the issues that are affecting them and make the changes necessary to gain success If no evaluation takes place after a poor or unsuccessful performance, athletes may continue to perform badly and miss out on medals or other measures of success Coaches should understand the importance of this area, and how they can influence and support the athlete, both in training and competition

4. Aim and Purpose The aim of this unit is to allow you to explore the purpose and importance of sports performance analysis, highlighting the multi- dimensional demands and interdependence of the different factors involved

5. Learning Outcomes After completing this unit you should: 1.Know the performance profile of a sporting activity 2.Be able to analyse sporting performance 3.Be able to provide feedback to athletes regarding performance 4.Understand the purpose and resources required for analysing different levels of sporting performance

6. Assignments Performance profile along with intrinsic and extrinsic influencing factors (P1, P2, M1 and D1) Performance analysis of your athlete along with an interview/presentation (P3, P4, M2, M3 and D2) Levels of performance (P5)

7. Indicative Reading

14. Awareness Test

15. Performance Analysis Performance Profiling

16. The need for performance analysis Traditional analysis has limitations – why? Memory Subjectivity Learning styles Community Shield

17. Questions What was the number of the player who missed the goal scoring opportunity? Did he use his right or left foot to shoot? How many blue shirts were there in the box when the shot was attempted? How many Manchester Utd players were there in the box? What colour was the Leicester goalkeeper wearing? Manchester United’s second goal attempt – who crossed the ball in? Who attempted the goal? Which defender should have been marking him?

18. Performance analysis continued.. Formal (objective) analysis will allow the coach to provide accurate and meaningful feedback It will help facilitate, alter team selection and help athletes learn and perfect skills

19. What is a KPI? Actions and skills which are important for success in the sport i.e. goals, shots etc.

20. Task In pairs, try and identify as many KPI’s as you can for a team sport i.e. netball, football, rugby, cricket etc. Extension Task: What is the importance of each KPI for success? Which are most important and why?

21. Types of analysis used today? Visual Notational Video Computer

22. Task Write down one advantage and one disadvantage for each type of analysis Extension See if you can match the team/player(s) who could be most likely to use each type of analysis

23. VisualNotationalVideoComputer Doesn’t require any equipment CheapCan review performance away from the heat of the game Most accurate and objective Least reliableCan be very time consuming ExpensiveComplex and can take a long time to learn Sunday league football team Semi-professional hockey team Regional badminton players Professional rugby team

24. Task You are going to watch a short clip of a basketball game, Miami Heat vs Chicago Bulls. For this you need to produce a table which can be used to record the following data for one of the teams: Complete pass/incomplete pass Total passes made Shots (unsuccessful/successful) Total shots attempted Blocks made (successful/unsuccessful) Total blocks made Miami vs Chicago

25. Example

26. Performance Profiling Analysis of Sports Performance

27. PP What is it? a coaching tool for pinpointing strengths and weaknesses designing training strategies building better communication with athletes aiding the analysis and monitoring of performance in high level sport The process involves breaking up the complexity of top performance into certain key qualities and then assessing performance based upon these

28. Example of a PP

29. Four steps to Performance Profiling These comprises of; Step 1 - Coach (you) outlines the Performance Profiling process Step 2 - Athlete identifies the characteristics of an elite athlete for his/her sport/event Step 3 - Athlete rates each in terms of level of importance and self assessment Step 4 - Athlete and Coach analyse the results and agree a way forward

30. The coaching performance

31. Purpose Performance profiling has three major purposes: To aid in identifying an appropriate intervention; To maximise the performer’s motivation and adherence to the programme; To monitor any changes over time

32. Stage 1 – introducing the idea How would you introduce this strategy to your athlete? The athlete needs to be made aware that the performance profile can help to direct training to areas of specific need mutual trust information gained about the athlete will remain strictly confidential honest appraisal will facilitate a more productive outcome You need to explain that the process will focus on the athlete’s current feelings regarding his or her preparation for competition

33. Stage 2 – the constructs The athlete becomes actively involved in this stage of profiling, and the following question should be directed to the individual (or group in team situations): ‘What in your opinion are the fundamental qualities or characteristics of an élite performer in your sport?’ The next 5-10 minutes should be spent listing the qualities or characteristics that the athlete feels are important. If an athlete finds this difficult, you can use prompts, but it is for the athlete to decide on what characteristics or ‘constructs’ are chosen

34. Stage 3 – assessment On a scale of 0 (not at all important) to 10 (extremely important), the athlete then rates the perceived importance (I) of each construct for an élite performer in his or her particular sport. These ratings must be highly specific, since different sports place different demands on performers Next, the athlete uses the same 0-10 scale to rate his current perceptions of himself (Subject Self-Assessment or SSA) in relation to an ideal state of 10 (Ideal Self-Assessment or ISA). Then a simple calculation can be carried out to take account of both the importance ascribed to the construct and the subject’s self-assessment in relation to the ideal This is known as the ‘discrepancy score’, and higher discrepancies indicate areas that may need to be addressed through training or other intervention. The table below provides a hypothetical example of these calculations for part of a tennis player’s profile

35. Table 1 – an example section of a tennis player’s performance profile Construct(I)ISASSA(ISA-SSA) Discrepancy (ISA-SSA) x I Confidence10 8220 Concentration10 6440 Refocusing after errors 10 5550 Enjoyment9108218 Relaxed attitude8107324

36. ConstructPerceived Importance (I) Ideal Self Assessment (ISA) Subject Self Assessment (SSA) (ISA-SSA)Discrepancy Score (ISA-SSA) x I

37. Analysis What can you identify? For this particular performer, it would appear that refocusing after errors and concentration are key concerns How could you address these? Intervention strategies such as thought-stopping, self-talk or a quick set routine, depending on the exact circumstances and preferences of the individual Once the profile has been completed, the results should be placed into a visual format for easy display (see figure 1, on the next slide, for an example), which can form the basis of dialogue between you and the athlete The athlete can be encouraged to offer further information relating to key constructs and invited to work on these as a means of improving performance

39. Task Create your own Performance Profile discrepancy table for your sport on the sheet provided Fill it in like the Tennis example previously What are your strengths and weaknesses? Put this into paragraph format

40. Continued.. Figure 1, previously, illustrates a tennis player’s self-assessment and his coach’s assessment in relation to his backhand strokes. This shows that coach and athlete are in general agreement over most of the relevant constructs but in major disagreement over the backhand volley How could you resolve such differences?

41. Example For example, a boxing coach might place a high priority on punching power (importance rating of 10) and believe his boxer needs to raise his game in this respect because he rates his performance in this respect as 6 The boxer, on the other hand, might perceive his power as adequate because he rates the construct as less important than the speed of his punch. He may believe that working on his power might compromise his speed and thus may be resistant to any recommendations geared to boosting this

42. Example The point about involving both parties in the profiling process is that such differences are highlighted and can then be dealt with effectively through dialogue Butler and Hardy explain that, in such circumstances, the coach and athlete might work on developing power through technical modifications in order to preserve the punching speed that the boxer rates as more important. Thus, where conflict might have arisen, the profile helps to focus training in a more productive fashion

43. Research shows.. According to Butler and Hardy, performance profiling can help coaches and psychologists develop a better understanding of their athletes by: 1.Highlighting perceived strengths and weaknesses; 2.Clarifying the athlete’s and coach’s vision of the key determinants of élite performance, and highlighting any differences; 3.Establishing areas where the athlete might resist change (as demonstrated by the perceived low importance of one or more constructs); 4.Providing a means of monitoring progress; 5.Highlighting discrepancies between the athlete’s and coach’s assessment of performance

44. In summary In summary, then, the performance profile appears to be a tool that is particularly useful for aiding the design of specific mental, physical and technical training programmes The central involvement of the athlete in the process is a key strength that may boost motivation and promote adherence to any intervention strategies devised It may also facilitate the coach-athlete relationship by promoting dialogue and addressing any perceived discrepancies. Additionally, the profile can be used as a monitoring device to assess the effectiveness of any interventions and highlight areas of good and poor progress

45. References The Sport Psychologist, 6, 253-264 Deci, EL, & Ryan, RM (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self- determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press Butler, RJ (1989). Psychological preparation of Olympic boxers. In J Kremer & W, Crawford (Eds), The psychology of sport: theory and practice (pp.74-84). Leicester: British Psychological Society The Sport Psychologist, 7, 160-172