1. Text Linguistics

2. Definition of linguistics Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human languages.

3. Linguistics’ purposes One is that it studies the nature of language and tries to establish a theory of language and describe languages in the light of the theory established. The other is that it examines all the forms of language in general and seeks a scientific understanding of the ways in which it is organized to fulfill the needs it serves and the functions it performs in human life.

4. Scope of linguistics Microlinguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Macrolinguistics includes sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, stylistics, discourse analysis, computational linguistics, cognitive linguistics, applied linguistics.

5. Microlinguistics Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received. Phonology is the study of how speech sounds function in a language, it studies the ways speech sounds are organized. It can be seen as the functional phonetics of a particular language.

6. Morphology is the study of the formation of words. It is a branch of linguistics which breaks words into morphemes. It can be considered as the grammar of words as syntax is the grammar of sentences.

7. Microlinguistics Syntax deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction. Semantics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects. Words have several types of meaning.

8. Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in use. It deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS.

9. Macrolinguistics Socilinguistics studies the relations between language and society: how social factors influence the structure and use of language. Psycholinguistics is the study of language and mind: the mental structures and processes which are involved in the acquistion, comprehension and production of language.

10. Neurolingistics is the study of language prodessing and language representation in the brain. It typically studies the disturbances of language comprehension and production caused by the damage of certain areas of the brain.

11. Macrolinguistics Stylistics is the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features. It usually refers to the study of written language, including literary text, but it also investigates spoken language sometimes. Discourse analysis, or text linguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used. It deals with how sentences ins poken and written language form larger meaningful units.

12. Computational linguistics is an approach to linguistics which employs mathematical techniques, often with the help of a computer. Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information. Applied linguistics is primarily concerned with the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience.

13. What is a TEXT? A piece of spoken or written language. A text may be considered from the point of view of its structure and/or its functions, e.g. warning, instructing, carrying out a c.

14. What is text linguistics? Text linguistics is the study of text as a product (text grammar) or as a process (theory of text)

15. A brief history Since the 1970s, i.e. the time when text linguistics (textology) began to develop as a separate branch of linguistics, it has been possible to observe the widening of the scope of investigation of this discipline.

16. This has recently been a subject of discussion of various researchers: For example, Jerzy Bartmiński sees modern textology as a common ground for linguists and literary researchers, which opens a prospect for the integration of the whole philological discipline.

17. Textology may therefore be divided into a number of branches: theoretical textology (text theory), descriptive textology, applied textology (practical).

18. The first branch focuses on studying suprasegmental units, which are able to function independently in the process of communication.

19. The aim of the second branch – descriptive textology – is to study the structure, semantics, and pragmatics of concrete texts, and carry out their analysis and interpretation with the help of methods of linguistics and literary studies.

20. The third branch, i.e. applied textology, covers practical operations on texts, their transformations, development etc.

21. Method Approach Technique Methodology

22. What is a method? A 'method' usually refers to a step by step process used to achieve a desired goal. A method can be a physical or a mental process: physical as in making step or starting a car, and mental as in making decisions, finding the answers to questions, and solving problems.

23. What is an approach? An approach is a set of assumptions dealing with the nature of the language and the nature of language teaching and learning. That is, for example, all the ideas or hypothesis you have about the language learning and teaching. Those ideas will help you to deal with problems about it.

24. What is technique? method of performance; way of accomplishing technical skill; ability to apply procedures or methods so as to effect a desired result the way in which a (usually skilled) process is, or should be, carried out the manner and ability with which an artist, writer, dancer, athlete, or the like employs the technical skills of a particular art or field of endeavor