2. 1 Cells

3. 2 Anton van Leeuwenhoek In 1674, Leeuwenhoek (Dutch microscope maker), first to viewed unicellular organisms (living things) Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & teeth scrapings

4. 3 First to View Cells In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells)

5. 4 First to View Cells Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells

6. 5 History of Cells & the Cell Theory Rudolph Virchow Cells only come from the division of other cells

7. Another important guy… 6 Botanist Matthias Schleiden Plants are made up of cells!

8. One more important guy 7 Zoologist Theodore Schwann Concluded animals are made of cells

9. 8 Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – one cell Multicellular- Made of many Cells organized into tissues

10. THE BIG CELL THEORY 1All living things are made of cells. 2Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms. 3All cells can only come from other cells. 9

11. 10  Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles  Eukaryotes include all other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals) Cells are broken into two main groups - Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

12. 11 Prokaryotes aka Bacteria Contains: DNA Cell membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm Ribosomes (have no membrane)

13. 12 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 main cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles

14. 13 Basic Eukaryotic Cell

15. 14 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell

16. 15 Eukaryotic cells have Organelles Have specific functions Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Found throughout cytoplasm

17. 16 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria

18. 17 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cellsPlant cells Relatively smaller in size Irregular shape No cell wall Relatively larger in size Regular shape Cell wall present

19. 18 Animal cellsPlant cells Vacuole small or absent Glycogen as food storage Nucleus at the center Large central vacuole Starch as food storage Nucleus near cell wall ….More Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells

20. 19 Controls the normal activities of the cell Contain the DNA in the form of chromosomes Bound by a nuclear membrane Control Organelle Nucleus

21. 20 Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics Nucleus More on the Nucleus

22. 21 Nucleolus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Inside nucleusInside nucleus Disappears when cell dividesDisappears when cell divides Makes ribosomes that make proteinsMakes ribosomes that make proteins

23. 22 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT out of the cell, like saliva, insulin, etc.

24. 23 Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacsStacks of flattened sacs Have a shipping side & a receiving sideHave a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ERReceive & modify proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the endsTransport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle

25. 24 Lysosome Contain digestive enzymesContain digestive enzymes Break down food, worn out cell parts, engulfed bacteriaBreak down food, worn out cell parts, engulfed bacteria Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)

26. 25 Kidney bean shape Site of Cellular respiration Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion (mitochondria)

27. 26 Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP In Animal Cells: Mitochondria

28. 27 Animal Cell Organelles Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide

29. 28 Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable Cell membrane Surrounding the Cell

30. 29 Fluid-like living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Cell membrane Cell or Plasma Membrane

31. 30 Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place Cytoplasm Cytoplasm of a Cell

32. 31 Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion Cytoplasm More on Cytoplasm

33. 32 Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast

34. 33 Nonliving layer Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells Cell wall Cell Wall

35. 34 Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable Cell wall Plant Cell

36. 35 Plant Cell Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells Cell wall

37. 36 Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell Cell wall Plant Cell

38. 37 Have a large central vacuole Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole

39. 38 Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells

40. 39 mitochondrion nucleus glycogen granule cell membrane cytoplasm Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy vacuole

41. 40 Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium