1. 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 100 DNA Replication From Gene to Protein Eukaryotic Genome Prokaryotic Genome DNA Tech & Hodge Podge

2. When during the cell cycle is DNA copied?

3. S phase of the cell cycle

4. What needs to attach first before DNA can copy itself?

5. A primer molecule

6. Which direction does DNA copy and with what enzyme?

7. 5’ to 3’ direction with DNA Polymerase (III)

8. Besides DNA polymerase, name two other enzymes needed for replication or maintenance of the chromosome and give their function

9. Ligase-joins fragments of DNA Helicase-unwinds the DNA Topoisomerase- relieves the stress on the twist of the DNA Primase-adds the RNA primer Telomerase-adds repetitive sequences to the ends of DNA

10. Draw a replication bubble and label: origin of replication, replication fork, primer, leading and lagging strand, and directionality

12. What are the three stages of transcription

13. Initiation Elongation Termination

14. What enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA transcript

15. RNA Polymerase

16. Where does translation occur and what site, E, P or A, does tRNA grow an amino acid chain through peptide bonding?

17. Ribosome P site of the ribosome

18. Transcribe and Translate: 5’ATGTTTGCAGGGGGATAA3’ codons

19. 3’TACAAACGTGCCCCTATT mRNA:AUGUUUGCACGGGGAUAA met-phe-ala-gly-gly-stop

20. Prokaryotes have slightly different translation mechanisms name one difference?

21. 1.Polyribosomes no mRNA processing 2. Prokaryotes: the polymerase binds to promoter directly in eukaryotes the polymerase requires transcription factors for binding a promoter (TATA) 3. In termination prokaryotic transcription hits a terminator sequence, but in eukaryotes the pre-mRNA is cleaved from the growing RNA chain

22. Which parts of the eukaryotic chromosome are spliced out?

23. Introns are cut out and exons are spliced together

24. What is the evolutionary importance of introns?

25. 1.Can get along with a small number of genes 2.May facilitate the evolution of new and potentially useful proteins as a result of exon shuffling 3.Introns also increase the benefit of crossing over

26. What do we call structurally reproducing chromosomes and what are their functions (hint: sister…..)

27. Chromatids that are identical to distribute one copy of the genetic material to each new cell

28. What does a “packaged” DNA strand made of? (the nucleosome)

29. DNA wrapped around histones are used to compact the chromosome Some call it “beads on a string”

30. At the chemical level what can the cell do to the eukaryotic genome to control the expression of genes?

31. DNA methylation or histone acetylation

32. Describe the structure of a prokaryotic chromosome

33. Circular not linear

34. Name three differences in the structure and function of a prokaryote vs. a eukaryote chromosome

35. Less complex – no histones or elaborate folding Size is much smaller fewer genes No introns Has operons for gene regulation It replicates from a single origin of replication

36. A viral vector is used to transfer bacterial DNA into another bacteria either through a prophage & Lysogenic Cycle or through the lytic cycle. What is this process

37. Transduction

38. This F+ Hfr bacteria transfers its genetic information to the F- through pili during what process?

39. Conjugation

40. Explain the steps of transformation

41. The cells must be made competent by adding Calcium chloride and heat shocking. The plasmid (with the gene of interest i.e. Amp R) which has been cut by restriction enzyme then slides through the membrane and is taken up by the bacteria. Griffiths & Avery performed an experiment that showed that dead bacteria could transfer their genetic material to new bacteria that did not have the gene prior to the experiment

42. Why is it important, evolutionarily speaking, that genes are organized the way they are

43. Allows for Genetic Variation Allows for Genetic Stability Allows for Gene regulation Allows for complexity Allows for Diploid/Polyploid

44. Name two genes that when mutated, contribute to the development in cancer?

45. p53 and proto-oncogenes (oncogenes)

46. What is one pro and one con of producing Genetically modified foods

47. We can create insect resistant crops We may eliminate the possibly good variations present in the population

48. An example of a RFLP analysis performed for forensic purposes. Lanes 1,2,7,11 and 15 have molecular weight markers. Evidence is in lanes 9 & 12. The victim's DNA is in lane 4 and suspects' in 5 and 6 Is the suspect guilty?

49. yes

50. EcoRI 1 or 5541HindIII 32 PvuI 4916 Eagl 942 PvuII 3247ApaI 2036 SmaI 2540 What would be the products of a digestion with the three enzymes Hind III, ApaI, and PvuI?

51. 657, 2004 and 2880