1. AGBU Science Department Lab Manual Units & Measures

2. AGBU Science Department Lab Manual Units & Measures  A mole is equal to the gram molecular weight (or formula weight) of the solute.  Molarity (M) equals the number of moles of solute in 1 liter of solution.  A molar solution is one in which 1 liter of solution contains the number of grams equal to its molecular weight.  Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl) has a formula (molecular) weight of 58.44 (22.990 for Na and 35.453 for Cl).  To make up 1L of a 5M NaCl solution = 58.44 g/mol x 5 moles/liter x 1 liter = 292.2 g in 1 liter of solution.  Molality (m) is equal to the number of moles of solute in 1000 g of solvent.  For dilute solutions in water (a ml of water equals 1.0 g), there is little or no practical difference between a molar(M) solution and a molal(m) solution. In contrast, a 2 m sucrose solution (density of 1.18 g/ml) equals a 1.4 M sucrose solution.

3. AGBU Science Department Lab Manual cALCULATIONS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION The formulas needed to convert temperature from Fahrenheit scale temperature (commonly misspelled Fahrenheit) to Celsius scale: ° C = ( ° F - 32) * 5/9 The formulas needed to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit: ° F = ° C * 9/5 + 32 CELSIUS - KELVIN CONVERSION ° C + 273 = K DIMENTIONAL ANALYSIS CONVERSIONS Base unit can be meter, gram, liter or anything. The table shows meters being used. 1 Gm = 10 9 mG = Giga 1 Mm = 10 6 mM = Mega 1 km = 10 3 mk = kilo 1 Dm = 10 1 mD = Deca 1 cm = 10 -2 mc = centi 1 mm = 10 -3 mm = milli 1µm = 10 -6 mµ = micro 1 nm = 10 -9 mn = nano 1 pm = 10 -12 mp = pico How to solve a problem: How many picometers are in 2.8 millimeters? 2.8mm x 10 -3 m x 1 pm = 2.8 x 10 -3 x 10 12 = 2.8 x 10 9 pm 1 mm 10 -12 m

4. AGBU Science Department Lab Manual How to type a Lab Report Must be typed; Font size 12; Times New Roman, Arial; Color – black; Margins 1” or less. **It is OK to use first person in scientific writing, but it should be used sparingly – reserve the use of first person for things that you want to emphasize that “you” uniquely did (i.e. not things that many others have done as well). It is better to write in the third. For example: The experiment was completed; The solution was then mixed with the solid. NameTitleDate of lab Partners: 1.2. Abstract: Must consist of 5-10 sentences to form one paragraph. This is a brief summary of what the entire lab is 1-2 sentences of introduction of lab 1-2 sentences restating your hypothesis 1-2 sentences summarizing the procedure 1-2 sentences detailing the results 1-2 sentences of conclusion or explain the results Hypothesis: What do you think is going to happen and why. Rewrite hypothesis in past tense. Or Purpose: It there is no unknown and the experiment is a demonstration then a purpose may be substituted for the hypothesis. The Purpose of this exp. was to determine the color of light emitted from burning Mg ribbon. Materials: List all materials and equipment used Procedure: Copy procedure from your lab Numbered In your own words and what you specifically did. Any differences or changes are included. In past tense The paper clip was bent and made a hook shape, and then it was pushed the long end through an index card. Repeated step 1. Enough solution was poured into the beaker to cover at least half of the paper clip. Data/observation: Draw data table (copying data table from lab paper or creating your own based on the info) Input all the info. Graphs, pictures, schematics can also be considered data Results: More detailed than the 1-2 sentences located in the abstract (should be at least a paragraph) Conclusion: 2-3 sentences that state and explain whether your hypothesis was correct or wrong (true or false) AND WHY!!! Ex. My hypothesis was proven to be true, because… What you may have done incorrectly. How you could expand on this lab. How this relates to everyday life outside of class… Answer any questions from the lab.

5. Graph Types Following are descriptions of the types of graphs you can create: Line graphs. Line graphs are useful for emphasizing the movement or trend of numerical data over time, since they allow a viewer to trace the evolution of a particular point by working backwards or interpolating. Bar graphs. Bar graphs plot numerical data by displaying rectangular blocks against a scale. The length of a bar corresponds to a value or amount. Viewers can develop a clear mental image of comparisons among data series by distinguishing the relative heights of the bars. Use a bar graph to display numerical data when you want to present distributions of data. You can create horizontal as well as vertical bar graphs. Pie graphs. Pie graphs emphasize where your data fits in relation to a larger whole. Keep in mind that pie graphs work best when your data consists of several large sets. Too many variables divide the pie into small segments that are difficult to see. Use color on individual segments to create visual contrast. Scatter graphs. Scatter graphs share many of the characteristics of basic line graphs. Data can be plotted using variable scales on both axes. When you use a scatter graph, your data is plotted using a basic line pattern. Use a scatter graph to visualize the density of individual data values around particular points or to demonstrate patterns in your data. Line graphs can appear without connecting lines (making them look like scatter graphs) and scatter graphs can appear with connecting lines (making them look like line graphs). Area graphs. Area graphs are similar to line graphs except that the area between the data line and the zero line (or axis) is usually colored or textured. Area graphs allow you to stack data on top of each other. Stacking enables you to highlight the relationship between data series, showing how some data series approach or shadow a second series.