1. MULTIMESSENGER ASTRONOMY GSSI, November 2015, L’Aquila Giulia Pagliaroli giulia.pagliaroli@lngs.infn.it

2. Outline  High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos  Core-Collapse Supernovae  Strange Stars

3. HIGH ENERGY COSMIC NEUTRINOS Collaboration: G.P., A.Palladino, F. Vissani and F.L.Villante References:  A. Palladino, G.P., F.L. Villante, F. Vissani: arXiv:1510.05921  G. P., A. Palladino, F. Vissani, F.L. Villante: arXiv:1506.02624  A.Palladino, G.P., F.L. Villante, F. Vissani, Phys.Rev.Lett.114 (2015) 17,171101  F. Vissani, G. P. and F. L. Villante, JCAP 1309 (2013) 017

4. Flavor Ratios of High Energy Neutrinos  Pion Decay  Charmed mesons decay  Beta decay of neutrons  Pion decay with damped muons The blend of neutrinos (or antineutrinos) at the source can tell us about the production mechanism

5. Flavor Content at the Earth  Vacuum oscillations fully developed  Vacuum oscillations practically absent Cosmic NeutrinosAtmospheric Neutrinos Neutrons Pions Muons A different blend of neutrinos (and antineutrinos) arrives at the Earth

6. IceCube Events Topology OBSERVED EVENTS TOPOLOGIES Probability for a muon neutrino to produce a track event M. G. Aartsen et al. PRL 113, 101101 (2013)

7. Pions Charms Muons Neutrons Predicted Track-to-Shower Ratio  The predicted flavor content at the Earth converted into the observable quantity in IceCube detector, i.e. the track-to-shower ratio is: for

8. Results with 3 years data Pions Charms Muons Neutrons 3 years data-set (HESE+Muons) is compatible with a cosmic origin of HEN, yet not enough statistic to discriminate the production mechanism.

9. Testing Unstable Neutrinos NH IH Stable States “Non radiative Neutrino decay can be tested using flavor ratios of cosmic HEN” 3 years data-set (HESE+Muons) already disfavor the decay hypothesis for both the mass hierarchies

10. CORE COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE Collaboration: G.P., E. Katsavounidis, E. Coccia, C. Casentini, V. Fafone, W. Fulgione, F. Vissani, C.Vigorito, G.Testera, C. D. Ott, V. Re, K. Scholberg, M. Gromov, L. Koepke References:  Proposal for data exchange among GW detectors: LIGO, Virgo and neutrinos detectors: Borexino, LVD and IceCube  I. Leonor et al., Class.Quant.Grav. 27 (2010)  G.P. et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 103 (2009) 031102 Neutrinos and Gravitational Waves

11. Electromagnetic Strong Interaction Weak Interaction Gravity The Supernova puzzle The interplay among the known forces is so strong that we rely on very complex numerical simulations EXPLOSION MECHANISM IS STILL UNCERTAIN

12. Science Case Supernova “Central Engine” Neutrinos and Gravitational Waves (GW) are the only direct probes of the supernova engine. EM waves (optical/UV/X/Ga mma) : secondary information, late-time probes of engine. Red Supergiant Betelgeuse D ~ 200 pc Neutrinos and Gravitational Waves carry complementary information: Neutrinos: primarily thermodynamics GWs: primarily dynamics ->Joint observation will increase new physics learned! slide from C. Ott

13. Neutrinos Expectations ENERGY FLUENCE DURATION

14. GW expectations Amplitude: Frequency: Uncertainty on the prediction of orders of magnitude! Signals cannot be modeled. It’s very compelling to discriminate These short duration bursts of GWs From the spikes due to the Noise ENERGY DURATION

15. THE IDEA EARTH SN GW Det A Det B First neutrino event detected First neutrino reaching Detector B

16. SuperKamiokande Distance Reach Super-Kamiokande ’s recent “distant” burst search requiring two neutrino events (with energy threshold 17 MeV) within 20 seconds shows a ~18% probability of detecting a SN in M31 Requiring the coincidence with a GW trigger it is possible to lower the threshold to 8.5 MeV increasing the detection probability to the ~35% SK (2010) JOINT

17. STRANGE STARS Collaboration: G.P., M. Mannarelli, L. Pilo, A. Parisi References:  M. Mannarelli et al., arXiv:1504.07402  M.Mannarelli, G.P., A.Parisi, L.Pilo, Phys.Rev. D89 (2014) 10, 103014

18. Strange Stars vs Neutron Stars Strange Matter is characterized by a different equation of state (EoS) and by very different response to the stress Looking for signatures of the presence of strange matter

19. Charge Distribution CCSC ELECTROSPHERE Spilled Electrons z z=0 Electrons G. Pagliaroli, LNGS 19 Star Surface is electrically charge

20. Torsional Oscillation l=1 n=1 CCSC CFL Top view + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 20 Strong EM emission

21. Prediction vs Observations No periodicity Radio Frequency Band High Emitted Power Short Duration (Parkes 64 meter radio telescope) Only frequencies ≥ GHz Bandwidth of 400 MHz centered at 1.382 GHz 21

22. Non-bare Strange Star Crust of Normal Matter Torsional Oscillation

23. Peculiar Crust Breaking Oscillation Amplitude Strain

24. TOP TRAVEL DESTINATIONS 2016 High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos Core-Collapse Supernovae Strange Stars