1.  1. Take out your Hinduism worksheet from last class. You will get 10 minutes at the start of the block to complete this.  2. Update your ToC: ◦ Page 32: Notes: Classical India  3. Write down your HW: ◦ Begin studying for your World Religions quiz (on 10/20 for 1 st, 2 nd and 10/21 for 6 th )

2. Ms. Allen World History I – 2015-16

3. Ancient India is different than modern India (territory-wise) Ancient India = made up of 3 modern-day countries : 1. India 2. Pakistan 3. Bangladesh India is considered a subcontinent of Asia Bangladesh

4.  Indian civilization begins in the river valleys ◦ Recap: Why river valleys?  Look at map: What rivers are in India? ◦ Indus River ◦ Ganges River  First civilizations in India along these two rivers

6.  By 2500 B.C.: First major cities in ancient India are being built ◦ Same time as Egyptian pyramids were built  Along Indus River = two largest early Indian cities were: ◦ 1. Harappa ◦ 2. Mohenjo-Daro

7.  Large, well-planned cities  Key characteristics: ◦ Streets and buildings laid out in a grid ◦ Fortified area called a citadel ◦ Separate residential areas of town ◦ Buildings made of oven- baked bricks ◦ Sophisticated plumbing and sewage system within the city

8.  Around 1500 B.C.: Aryans cross Hindu Kush and migrate into India ◦ Comes at the same time as Indus culture is dying  Result of this invasion?: Aryans dominate the people already living in India  Who were the Aryans? ◦ Aryans = taller, lighter skinned ◦ Spoke a different language than the people already living in India

9. The caste system influenced your entire life!  Varna (skin color) determined a lot in Aryan society  People = born into your class ◦ You CANNOT get out of it, no matter what you do!  Your caste  determined what job you would do for life ◦ It determined who you could marry ◦ It determined who you could hang out with Body part of your caste is linked to the type of work you do and the dignity attached to that type of work. Link 1Link 1 Link 2Link 2

10.  The Aryans = totally dominate the people already living in India  Installed caste system ◦ Purpose of this caste system? To divide people into classes  What did the classes look like in Aryan India? ◦ Top classes = made up of Aryans ◦ Bottom classes = native Indians

11.  Highest class: Brahmins (Priests)  2 nd -highest class: Kshatryias (Warriors)  Middle class: Vaishyas (Merchants)  Lower-class: Sudras- (Peasants)  Untouchables: People out of caste system ◦ Unmentionable people

13.  Mauryan Empire = first official empire in India ◦ Happens about 1000 years after the first Aryans entered India  How does the Mauryan Empire begin? ◦ Chandragupta Maurya defeated a Greek army that had invaded India  Maurya = starts Mauryan Empire (named after him) ◦ By 303 B.C.: Chandragupta Maurya set up the Mauryan Empire across northern India

14.  Chandragupta Maurya dies and his son took over ◦ Continues to expand the empire by unifying areas under his control  Upon the son’s death, Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson, Asoka assumed the throne.

15.  Mauryan Empire united Indian subcontinent ◦ Ganges and Indus Rivers ◦ Up to the Himalaya and Hindu-Kush Mountains

16.  Mainly Hinduism  Eventually Buddhism becomes popular ◦ Asoka (a king) spread Buddhism through missionaries

17.  About Hinduism: ◦ Probably the oldest religion in the world ◦ Almost 1 billion people are Hindus today  80% of India is Hindu  Because so many Indians are Hindu, it is an important part of Indian history and culture

18.  A major religion founded in India ◦ Hinduism is another  Founded around 400s B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama  Spread of Buddhism: ◦ Spread from India to China, the rest of the Asia and the world by Asoka’s missionaries

19.  Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha- “enlightened one”)  Key beliefs: ◦ Four Noble Truths ◦ Eightfold Path to Enlightenment  Path leads to Nirvana (a release from selfishness and pain)  Eightfold Path  Enlightenment  Nirvana = GOAL for Hindus

21.  Under Chandragupta ◦ United India ◦ Strong bureaucracy  Under Ashoka ◦ Religious tolerance ◦ Built roads, free hospitals, hotels ◦ Animal rights/vet hospitals ◦ Concerned with the environment

23.  Chandragupta established a dynasty (used bureaucracy) ◦ Bureaucracy helped run the government  Ashoka ◦ Became a non-violent Buddhist ◦ Used gov. to care for his people rather than gain wealth or power = people like him ◦ Bad news?  No strong ruler follows him  Mauryan empire falls

24.  People liked Ashoka ◦ Good ruler, but weakened the government ◦ No strong ruler followed him ◦ Empire fell apart

25.  Very heavy taxes to pay for the army and public works  Political centralization opens India to trade with China and Persia

26.  Social classes existed (caste system)  Different jobs  Urged tolerance

27.  Ashoka dies  the Mauryan Empire fell apart ◦ No strong leader to take his place!  500 years of invasion and instability in India follow Ashoka’s death  By 320 A.D.: Chandra Gupta ( not Chandragupta Maurya ) forms the 2 nd great empire in India  Called the GUPTA EMPIRE Gupta Empire = in NORTHERN India

29.  Primarily Hinduism  Some Buddhism

30.  The Golden Age of India Gupta = Golden! Develop astronomy, advanced math (the numbers you use), calendar

31.  Indian culture flourished and expanded like never before under Gupta Empire  Contributions include: ◦ Math = concept of zero, mod. #s ◦ Medicine = set broken bones, nose surgery ◦ Astronomy = proved Earth round 1000 years before Columbus ◦ Textiles = silk and cloth ◦ Literature = poetry, plays, dances

32.  Gupta kings used marriage (and military strength) to create an empire  Last strong king declines in 415 CE, empire starts to collapse  In the 500s CE, invaders “without settled homes” attack India

33.  Very rich empire (but only the kings got rich)  Invented banking  LOTS of trade ◦ Able to trade due to military victories, marriage alliances

34.  Life centered in small villages  Different occupations, different classes (caste system still here)  Division N/S India: ◦ North – patriarchal ◦ South – some were matriarchal

36.  Dates back to 3000 B.C.  Blend of beliefs and traditions ◦ Combines Pre-Aryan + Aryan India beliefs  Polytheistic (technically) ◦ Only “one” god, but it came in many forms responsible for different things  Key beliefs: ◦ Reincarnation: rebirth (based on karma) ◦ Karma: All thoughts and actions result in consequences  Holy text: Vedas and Upanishads (Hindu sacred writings)  Hinduism spread via major trade routes