1. Latin America Chapter 9-11

2. Landforms and Resources Mountains and Highlands – Andes Mountains (runs through South America, called the Rockies in North America) – Guiana Highlands (northeastern section of South America) – Brazilian highlands (east coast of S. America) Plains for grain and livestock – Llanos- grassy, treeless plains used for feeding livestock and farming. Mostly in Colombia and Venezuela – Cerrado- savannahs with flat terrain and moderate rainfall used for farming. (In Brazil) – Pampas- grassland with rich soil (Northern Argentina and Uruguay)

4. Landforms and Resources Continued The Amazon and other rivers – Amazon River 4,000 miles from east to west Fed by 1,000 tributaries Carries the most water to the ocean in the world! – MORE THEN THE NEXT SEVEN RIVERS COMBINED! – Parana River Starts at the highlands of Brazil and travels 3,000 miles south and west. Major Islands of the Caribbean

6. The Greater Antilles – Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico The Lesser Antilles – Windward Islands- wind blows across them – Leeward Islands- sheltered from winds.

8. Resources Mineral Resources – Gold, silver, iron, copper, bauxite (aluminum ore), tin, lead, nickel. – Precious gems-, titanium and tungsten – Vast resources which are shipped to other countries for a profit Energy Resources – Oil, coal, natural gas, uranium, and hydroelectric power

9. Climate and vegetation

10. A varied climate and vegetation Ranges from hot and humid (Amazon river basin) to dry and desert-like (Mexico and southern Chile. Rain forest, desert, and savanna all found in Latin America Vegetation includes- rain forests, grasslands, desert scrub. Warm currents from Atlantic Ocean and cold currents from Pacific Ocean affect climate

11. Tropical and Dry Climate Zones Tropical Wet- Rain Forests, lots of trees (different species), hot and raining year round. – 2,500 varieties of trees – Brazil nut tree grows 150 feet high – Anacondas, piranhas, and the jaguar can be found in this climate zone. Dry Climate Zones- – Semiarid- generally dry, some rain. Grass covered plains. Countries include Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. – Desert- Northern Mexico and coast of Peru. Includes the Atacama Desert. Vegetation includes shrubs growing on gravel (rocks) and sand.

12. Mid Latitude Zones Humid Subtropical Mediterranean Marine West Coast Highlands

13. Human Environment Interaction Chapter 9 sec 3

14. Agriculture reshapes the environment Slash and Burn- Removes trees and brush for farming. Ashes become nutrients for new crops. – Still used today – Improper use of land causes soil to be exhausted of nutrients (can’t grow anything) – Causing rain forests to shrink Terraced Farming- Ancient technique for growing crops on hills/mountains – Technique reduces soil erosion.

16. Urbanization: Move to the Cities Moving from country to city – In Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela- most highly urbanized countries in S America – 90% of People live in cities and towns in these countries – Push factors-Poor medical care, poor education, low-paying jobs, and lands not owned by the poor (owned by a few rich people) – Pull Factors- Higher-paying jobs, better schools, and better medical care.

17. Rapidly growing cities Six cities in S America ranked regions largest city population. – Sao Paulo and Rio de Janerio in Brazil, Buenos Aries in Argentina, Lima in Peru, Bogota in Colombia, and Santiago in Chile. Problems in cities – Slums – Unemployment – Crime – Pollution – Poor infrastructure

18. Tourism: Positive and Negative Impacts Advantages – Brings in money to stimulate the economy – New Hotels, restaurants, boutiques (small stores), and other businesses – New jobs for local workers Disadvantages – Resorts take over local land (eyesores) – Congestion (more people, more traffic) – Pollution increases – Builds debt to government for building tourist attractions – Pushes locals off of “valuable” land – Money does not stay in country (owners of resorts and companies send money back to their countries)

19. Bellringer (Note Based) What are the “Rockys” of South America? Llanos, Cerrado, and Pampas are all examples of what? How many varieties of trees are in the rainforest? What is the tallest tree in the rainforest and how tall can it grow to? What are two negative results of Slash and Burn in South America? What are five issues in rapid growing cities across South America? When finished review your notes with a person next to you to ensure you and they have all the notes for Latin America.

20. Human geography of latin America: A BLENDING OF CULTURES

21. SECTION 1: MEXICO

22. NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CONQUEST  Many native groups  Toltecs, Maya, and Aztecs are major groups  Spanish Conquest began in 1519 when Hernando Cortés landed  Conquered Tenochtitlán (Aztec capital) by 1521

23. COLONY AND COUNTRY  Mexico became a Spanish colony  Independence won in 1821  1822: Agustín Iturbide declares himself emperor  Mid 1800s: Benito Juaréz becomes the first president of Mexico

24. COLONY AND COUNTRY CONTINUED  Porfirio Díaz succeeds Juárez  He was dishonest  Led to revolution led by Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata  1917: new constitution adopted—redistributes land to peasants

25. ONE-PARTY RULE  1929: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) rises to prominence  Did not tolerate opposition  Led to corruption  Ousted in 1997  2000: Vicente Fox becomes first non-PRI president in 71 years

26. Bellringer Where did we last stop on our notes (write down the last sentence you have from your notes)? How did you fair through the hurricane? What continent is Brazil on? Canada? Mexico? What region is Mexico apart of? Canada? Brazil?

27. A MEETING OF CULTURES

28. AZTECS AND THE SPANISH  Aztecs came from northern Mexico  C. 1200 A.D.: Settled in Tenochtitlán in Lake Texcoco  Performed human sacrifices  1521: Cortés destroys Tenochtitlan and builds Mexico City on top

29. AZTECS AND SPANISH CONTINUED Spanish brought language, Catholicism Mestizos: people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage

30. MEXICAN PAINTERS Painting became public art Large murals on public buildings Famous artists: José Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Siquerios, and Juan O’Gorman, Frida Kahlo

31. ECONOMICS

32. OIL AND MANUFACTURING Large oil reserves Manufacturing is the most important Maquiladoras: factories that assemble imported materials into finished products that are then exported Many are companies from the U.S.

33. NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement 1994 Goal: eliminate trade and investment barriers between Mexico, U.S., and Canada

34. EMIGRATION, WORK, AND SCHOOL 2000 mile border with the U.S. Many leave to search for work Many uneducated in Mexico

35. SECTION 2: CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

36. MAYA INFLUENCE Mayans built cities in present-day Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras Central city was Tikal, in northern Guatemala

37. SPANISH IN CENTRAL AMERICA  Spain ruled Central America until the 19 th century  Mexico ruled it until 1823  United Provinces of Central America declared independence from Mexico  Late 1830s: UPCA split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras

38. CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES  1492: Columbus reaches Caribbean islands  Called natives “Los Indios”  They were the Taino  Spanish settled and set up sugar plantations  Used Taino as slave--- many died of disease and abuse

39. CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES CONTINUED African slaves were brought to replace Taino The Caribbean today is heavily influenced by African life and culture

40. COLONIAL MOSAIC By 19 th century, Spanish, French, Dutch, British, and Danish all had Caribbean claims They relied on sugar This brought more and more African slaves

41. CARIBBEAN INDEPENDENCE  1790s: Haiti becomes first independence movement in Latin America  Slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture  Won in 1804  Cuba independent from Spain in 1898  Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago in 1962 from Britain

42. CULTURE OF CENTRAL AMERICA 2 major elements: 1) Native American influence 2) Spanish Catholicism is major religion

43. CULTURE OF THE CARIBBEAN  Spanish, Dutch, French, British, Danish, African, and Native American influences  Mix of Catholic and Protestant  Santeria, Voodoo (Haiti), and Rastafarianism (Jamaica)

44. ECONOMICS: JOBS AND PEOPLE

45. FARMING AND TRADE  Caribbean: Sugar is largest export crop  Bananas, citrus fruits, coffee, and spices also important  Pay is low for workers  Per-capita income low  Central America: commercial farming  Panama Canal: canal running through Panama, connecting the Atlantic Pacific Oceans

46. WHERE PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY Central America: Most live in rural areas because most people work on farms Caribbean: most live in cities Hope to find jobs in tourism

47. POPULAR CULTURE, TOURISM, AND JOBS

48. MUSIC OF THE CARIBBEAN  Calypso: music that began in Trinidad and combines musical elements from Africa, Spain, and the Caribbean  Reggae: music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s and is rooted in African, Caribbean, and American music, often dealing with social problems and religion

49. TOURISM AND THE INFORMAL ECONOMY Hotels and resorts are an important industry in the Caribbean Informal economy: jobs outside official channels, w/o benefits for workers Ex: street vendors

50. SECTION 3: SPANISH-SPEAKING SOUTH AMERICA

51. INCA Civilization in the Andes (Peru) Centered in Cuzco Empire extended 2500 miles at height Built roads

52. SPANISH CONQUEST Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca empire Harsh treatment of natives Inca language Quechua, taken over by Spanish Quechua is still spoken today

53. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS  Began in 1 st half of 19 th century  Simón Bolívar led rebellions for Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia  José de San Martín helped to liberate Argentina, Chile, and Peru

54. GOVERNMENT BY THE FEW Oligarchy (rule by few) and military rule are common in S. America Authoritarian rule— obedience to authority over individual freedom—also is common

55. CULTURAL MOSAIC

56. LITERATURE Gabriel Garciá Márquez (Colombia) Most famous S. American author Won Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1982

57. MUSIC Pop music and folk music Music combines Indian, African, and European elements Classical music is also very important throughout the region

58. ARTS AND CRAFTS Artisan works popular Pottery, textiles, glasswork, and metalwork Mix of aesthetics and usefulness

59. ECONOMICS: RESOURCES AND TRADE Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana: crops for export Colombia and Venezuela: oil, coffee, narcotics Peru and Ecuador: fishing Argentina: grain and livestock Paraguay: beans, cotton

60. CHILE’S SUCCESS STORY  S. America’s economic success story  Rich mines (copper is Chile’s largest export)  Fruits and vegetables  Associate member of Mercosur: an economic common market that began operations in 1995 (Think of NAFTA)

61. LITERACY IN S. AMERICA Higher literacy rates than Central America Literacy rate among women is about equal with men

62. LITERACY IN CHILE Literacy rate is 95% in Chile 98% among those 15- 19 Education is highly valued in Chile

63. SECTION 4: BRAZIL

64. HISTORY: A DIVIDED CONTINENT  Spain and Portugal were competing for colonies  To avoid conflict, Pope Alexander VI created the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)  This divided the world between Spain and Portugal  Portugal got Brazil in S. America

65. PORTUGUESE CONQUEST  Colonists arrive early 1500s  1-5 million natives already there  Search for gold and silver was fruitless  Sugar plantations set up instead  Settlement patterns were on the coast  African slaves brought

66. INDEPENDENCE FOR BRAZIL  Napoleon defeated in 1815  Demand for independence  Petitioned the king of Portugal  People asked that Dom Pedro, son of the king, rule the independent Brazil  Sept. 1822: Brazil declared independent

67. A mix of Portuguese, African, and Native elements… A NATIONAL CULTURE

68. THE PEOPLE OF BRAZIL  Only around 200,000 natives remain  Many immigrants  They come from Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain, Lebanon, and Syria  Brazil has largest Japanese population outside of Japan

69. LANGUAGE AND RELIGION Speak Portuguese Catholic majority (largest Catholic population in the world) 20% Protestant Other: mix of African and Catholic practices

70. Brazil is a growing economic power. It has abundant natural resources AN ECONOMIC GIANT AWAKENS

71. AN INDUSTRIAL POWER  Rich in iron, bauxite, tin, manganese  Gold, silver, titanium, chromite, tungsten, and quartz also available  Hydroelectricity  Large oil and natural gas reserves  One of the most industrialized countries in S. America

72. MIGRATION TO CITIES Large gap between rich and poor Urbanization occurs to improve life 87% now live in cities

73. MIGRATION TO THE INTERIOR Capital city of Brasília built in 1957 to attract people to the interior Commercial ag in the Cerrado (Great Plains of S. America) draws new jobs to interior

74. BRAZILIAN LIFE TODAY

75. FROM CARNIVAL TO MARTIAL ARTS  Carnival: most colorful feast day in Brazil  Big in Rio de Janeiro  Samba: Brazilian dance with African influences  Capoeira: martial art; blends Brazilian dance; brought from Angola

76. CITY LIFE IN RIO DE JANEIRO Rio is the cultural center of Brazil Sugarloaf Mountain, Guanabara Bay, Copacabana Beach are popular tourist sites Favelas: very poor slums—high crime rate

77. Chapter 11: today’s issues in Latin America

78. Vegetation helps clean the atmosphere, regulate climate, and shelter millions of species Biodiversity: the variety of organisms within an ecosystem RAINFOREST LAND USES

79. World demand for timber is high Farmers use slash and burn to create fields Ranchers clear forest for grazing land CLEARING THE RAINFORESTS

80. Brazil’s population should reach 200 million by 2020 This creates need for new houses (timber) and more living space POPULATION PRESSURE

81. THE PRICE OF DESTRUCTION

82. Def: cutting down and clearing away of trees Long term effects far outweigh the short term DEFORESTATION

83. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen Deforestation leads to a build-up of CO2 This prevents heat from escaping the earth This builds up the temperature This is Global Warming ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

84. 50% of the world’s plant and animal species are in the rainforest Plants are used to create new medicines PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN DANGER

85. MOVING TOWARD SOLUTIONS

86. Countries struggle with how to balance economic concerns with environmental ones Move is to educate people as to the value of the rainforest A JUGGLING ACT

87. Debt-for-nature swap: debt reducing deal wherein an organization agrees to pay off a certain amount of government debt in return for government protection of a certain portion of rain forest FIGHTING ECONOMICS WITH ECONOMICS

88. SECTION 2: GIVING CITIZENS A VOICE

89. Rich and powerful ruled most countries during and immediately after Spanish rule (Oligarchy) Limited free speech, censoring of the press, punish dissent Junta: a govt run by generals after a military takeover THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM

90. Caudillo: a military dictator or political boss Got support from the military and wealthy Ex: Juan Perón of Argentina, PRI of Mexico THE RULE OF THE CAUDILLO

91. ESTABLISHING STABLE DEMOCRACIES

92. Establish constitutional governments Participation of citizens Economic stability Gender and racial equality GOALS OF REFORM

93. Def: process of breaking up large landholdings and giving portions of the land to land-poor peasant farmers LAND REFORM