1. Views of the World in History ● In Old Hindu believes the Earth is flat and is resting on 3 giant elephants, which in turn stand on the back of a gigantic turtle. ● Ancient Maya viewed the world as a sacred tree giving rise to the Earth surrounded by primordial ocean.

2. Thales of Miletus (C.620-546 BC) - Founded the scientific school in Miletus - Believed that Earth floats on water like wood - Probably viewed Earth as spheric - Has predicted a solar eclipse Miletus (Μίλητος)

3. Ancient Greek View of the World Anaximander (c. 610- 540 BC) Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550- 476 BC) Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276-194 BC)

4. Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) - There are stars seen in Egypt and Cyprus which are not seen in the northerly regions. - Travelers going south see southern constellations rise higher above the horizon. - The shadow of Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse is round.

5. Latitude and Longitude - Coordinates: Latitude and Longitude - Trigonometry and First Trigonometric Tables - Astronomical Methods of Determination of the Positions of Objects - Motion of Sun and Moon Hipparcus c. 190 BC – 120 BC Iznik (Nicaea)

6. Claudius Ptolemy (c. 90-168 AD) Mathematics Astronomy and Astrology Geography Optics Music Weltanschauung

7. Coordinates in Plane Orthogonal Coordinates Polar Coordinates

8. Pirate Map

9. Measurements of Angles

10. Compass or Wind Rose - North direction corresponds to the 0 degrees - On the maps north is drawn on the top - Sailors use cardinal directions and dichotomize angles on the compass