1. Part 30 “Grouting in rock” V-2009 (Part 30, PP 2007, animation+p/r : 2009.05.28, DEMO) ready 1 Copyright notice Unauthorised copying of this presentation as whole or in parts in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permision is prohibited.

2. ready 2 For the good beginning.....

3. 3 3 The seepage of water in hardrock occurs along channels within the discontinuities of the rock mass. The seepage of water in hardrock occurs along channels within the discontinuities of the rock mass. Between the discontinuities the rock material is often practically impermeable. The conductivity of the rock mass depends on the properties od the discontinuities. Holter, Hognestad, Garshol 2001 ready

4. cement based grouts Low temperature problems with cement based grouts Climate ready 4

5. 5 Livingston, Bumrogiaroeon 2003 Berkeley Education Silica fume* - cementmicrocement Silica fume* - is never used alone as a component mixed in the grout but as a additive to the cement or microcement used (in optimal propotions with fly ash) ready press 5 SiO 2 CaO Al 2 O 3

6. The groutability the width of the crack the grain size of the grout materialgroutability ratio The groutability of fine cracks is related to the width of the crack and the grain size of the grout material, expressed as a groutability ratio for rock in the following formula (Weaver 1991): groutability ratios considered consistently possible “For groutability ratios greater than 5, grouting is considered consistently possible. groutability ratios not considered possible For groutability ratios less than 2, grouting is not considered possible”. cementitious grouts The following slides are based on informations coming from Producers of cementitious grouts and their Allies. 6 Hansen 2003 ready press

7. 7 Flocculation* to form large agglomerations Flocculation*: the gathering together or clotting of fine particles in a dispersed state to form large agglomerations. When portland cement, bentonite, gypsum and other types of mineral binders the particles flocculate due to electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative charge sites on the particles or fillers are mixed with water the particles flocculate due to electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative charge sites on the particles. Within the flocculated particles are voids that trap part of mixing water. a dispersant the cement particles When a dispersant is added, the negative segments of the polimer attach to the surface of the cement particles and increase the negative charge of each particle. repel each other This causes the particles to repel each other which breaks up the flocs and release the trapped water. the cement reduction of the plastic viscosity of the grout The dispersion of the cement and release of the trapped water results in a reduction of the plastic viscosity of the grout. water can be reduced Workability is increased and water can be reduced. 7 *flocculation - the aggregation of particles (colloids or precipitates) suspended in a solution to a size that they can settle gravitationally. **colloid - particles so small that they do not settle gravitationally, but are kept suspended by Brownian motion. For colloids in water, they range in size from 10 -9 to 10 -6 m (or 10 -3 to 1 microns; 100 microns = 0.1 mm). ready press

8. 8 8 ready “Conductivity contrast” rock press R max

9. 1 mm Ordinary Portland Cement Ordinary Icelandic Ordinary Portland Cement penetration (with silica fume) 9 ready

10. 10 D 1.0 d 2.0 cement groutsD/dwatercement Penetration of cement grouts; D/d vs. water-cement ratio (Axelsson, Gustafson 2007) D/d watercement water-cement ratio OPC D/d = min 6 10 press ready

11. The proposal of rock classification vs. groutability Lugeon Lugeon Low grout-take High grout-take clay fill stable cement grouts chemicalsresins chemicals and resins 1a 1b 2a 2b 11 ready press Recommended: cement chemicals resins press

12. 12 *transmissivity (T) *transmissivity (T) - the discharge through a unit width of the entire saturated thickness of an aquifer for a unit hydraulic gradient normal to the unit width sometimes termed the coefficient of transmissibility [L2 t-1, gpd/ft]. *hydraulic conductivity (K) *hydraulic conductivity (K) - the volume of fluid that flows through a unit area of porous medium for a unit hydraulic gradient normal to that area. * coefficient of roughness: * coefficient of roughness: coefficient of flow resistance of the pipeline surface or open channel. Transmissivity, conductivity and flow cross-section ISRM 1995 Lugeon grout type, joint width press ready

13. 13 Amenability Amenabilitygrout water Amenability is the ability of the particular grout to penetrate joints and other defects premeated with water. the grout It is defined by the amenability coefficient (A c ) of the grout, which is expresssed as follows: The grout rheology is to be adjusted so as to maintain as high an amenability coefficient as possible. This should generally be greater than 75%, and preferably higher. Lu gr A c = Lu wa where: A c = amenability coefficient the grout Lu gr = Lugeon permeability of the grout water Lu wa = Lugeon premeability of water (Nauts 1995) 13 ready press

14. B1C1 A1 A2 B2 C2 refusal pressure refusal consumption pressure consumption pressure consumption pressure consumption Pressurerate of consumption Pressure and rate of consumption is constant. Try to use grout with lower W/C ratio or accelerator or interrupt grouting and wait. Pressureconsumptionfall Pressure and consumption fall due to rock fracturing. Probably to high pumping rate or to low W/C ratio. rate of consumption rate of consumption = constant pressure pressure = constant like case B1 Heave!!!rate of consumption Heave !!! – rate of consumption pressure increase under constant pressure. pressurerate of Decrease the pressure and rate of consumption consumption or use grout with higher W/C ratio. Heave!!!pressure rate of consumption. Heave !!! – pressure decrease under constant rate of consumption. rate of consumption Decrease rate of consumption or use grout with higher W/C ratio. Heave Heave : grout is escaping up to the surface or is lifting soil sediments covering grouted rock layers. time The stop criteria for grouting: A1 : - the grouting is completed when the apparent grout-take is less than 0-3 l/min at the maximum pressure; - not when the certain maximum amount of grout has been reached. A2 : - maximum pressure can be maintained for at least 2-5 minutes. cement grout cement grout from the mixing plant cement grout cement grout into the hole cement grout cement grout in the return hose refusal pressure regulation valve ready press 14

15. PU Crack injection in precast concrete lining with 1- component PU (subway in Antwerp - Belgium) ready 15

16. PU Free PU foaming from the laboratory cube PU Free PU foaming from the cavern in the rock PU PU semi-solid final form with limited water supply PU PU semi-solid final form with limited water supply ready press 16

17. PU Stone from the face grouted with PU PU resin - solid form like amber of PU resin (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel) PU Stone from the face grouted with PU PU resin - solid form like amber of PU resin (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel) PU Large fault grouted with PU (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel) 17 ready

18. PU None successful PU grouted large fault (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel) ready 18

19. PU PU grouted joint PU PU grouted cracks ready 19

20. PU PU as “hard” amber (Ólafsfjörður Tunnel) ready 20

21. 21 Consolidation grouting Contact grouting ready

22. TBM in progress in water scenery ready 22

23. 23 Gravel and clay filled fault at the cutter head ready

24. clay) Wide fault (coobles cemented with clay) Water:+1°C÷+65°C ready press 24

25. Return valves Mechanical packers with return valves ready 25

26. 26 PU Inserting of Bimbar inflatable packer for PU pre grouting ready

27. 27 How to insert the packer ???? ready

28. Water from probe holes - Ólafsfjördur Tunnel 28

29. Double set of BVS inflatable, disposable, none drillable packers ready press 12 29

30. 30 PU Connecting of PU injection gun to extension pipe ready

31. Drilling for grouting umbrella ready 31

32. ready 32 IRMA Rock supporting with IRMA basalt scoria

33. Héðinsfjarðargöng Project - leakage at the face of Ólafsfjörður Tunnel ready 33

34. Héðinsfjarðargöng Project - leakage at the face of Ólafsfjördur Tunnel ready 34

35. 35 Wash-out of the fill from the fault (TBM) ready 35

36. Fault above tunnel invert (D&B) after wash-out of fill material ready 36

37. Fault above tunnel invert (D&B) after wash-out of fill material ready 37

38. Solution: GEOFOAM Stage 2: Inject an expansive urea-silicate resin GEOFOAM 38 ready

39. 39 cement mortar Annulus grouting with cement mortar

40. ready Water ingress annulus grouting Geofoam Water ingress during stage 1 of annulus grouting with Geofoam

41. ready 41 OMR Cut-off grouting (proof grouting) with OMR

42. ready 42 OMR Cut-off grouting (proof grouting) with OMR - “mixing plant”

43. ready Water ingress annulus groutingGeofoam Water ingress during next stages of annulus grouting with Geofoam

44. Foamed cutter head fire - first step to get fire PU Melted PU in rock cavern ready 44

45. Fire Fire at the cutter head ready 45

46. PU PU foam in TBM interior ready 46

47. PUto short holes PU grouting in to short holes drilled to close to the feature ready 47

48. Diluted, unreacted PU Diluted, unreacted PU on the way to the tunnel outlet ready 48

49. ready 49 THE END

50. Thank You for Your attention! Ph.D Civ. Eng. Tomasz Najder Senior Consultant Senior Consultant Movägen 3, SE-133 36 Saltsjöbaden - Sweden Tel:Fax: Tel: 0046 (0)8 717 5714 Fax: 0046 (0)8 717 6042 Mobil: Mobil: 0046 (0)704 217 012 E-mail: E-mail: tomasz.najder@hotmail.com Org. no: 490911 – 2148 ready 50