1. Language, Religion, Ethnicity

2. Let’s break the language down… Branch: A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language Group: A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few difference is grammar and vocabulary Family: The “trunk” of the tree- the largest division

3. Families are the TRUNK

4. Language branches break off the family or “trunk”

5. Sometimes branches break down into even smaller GROUPS

6. The individual languages are the leaves

8. To make it simple Families are the largest ◦Okay, superfamilies are the largest Families are broken into branches Branches sometimes are broken down into groups ◦Germanic ◦Balto-Slavic ◦Indo-Iranian The leaves of the tree are the languages

9. Create your own study guide Origin and diffusion of English Extinct and dying languages ◦Know key facts Be able to answer the questions posed by the book: ◦Where are English-language speakers distributed? ◦Why is English related to other languages? ◦Where are other language families distributed? ◦Why do people preserve local languages? How does language create cultural differences? Connect this chapter to the folk and popular culture chapters

10. Religion

11. 5 big guys… Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Judaism

12. Ethnic vs. Universalizing Universalizing religions attempt to be global ◦Appeal to all people ◦Open membership (some requirements, such as baptism) Ethnic religions have strong territorial and cultural group identification ◦Birth or adoption of lifestyle ◦Don’t usually proselytize ◦Integral element of a specific culture

13. EthnicUniversalizing Judaism ◦Because it closely identifies with a single ethnic group  People descend from Israel Indian Hinduism Japanese Shinto Tribal or traditional religions ◦Animism ◦Shamanism ◦East Asian religions Christianity ◦Protestantism ◦Roman Catholic ◦Eastern Orthodox Islam ◦Shiite ◦Sunni Buddhism

14. Keys to each religion… Christianity ◦Christ ◦Jerusalem ◦Bible ◦Rome ◦Hierarchal diffusion  Roman settlements and throughout Europe ◦Contageous diffusion  Throughout European continent ◦Relocation diffusion  Missionaries, Spanish colonies, etc.

15. Keys to each religion… Islam ◦5 pillars  Alms  Fasting  Allah/Muhammad  Hajj/Mecca ◦Middle East, Northern Africa, Indonesia ◦Expansion diffusion from Saudi Arabi ◦Mosque ◦Shiite and Sunni  Shiites found mostly in Iran  80-85% of Muslims are Sunni

16. Keys to each religion… Hinduism ◦India ◦Indus river ◦Ganges river ◦Contagious diffusion ◦Caste system ◦Karma and reincarnation ◦Rites, ceremonies, festivals, feasts ◦Temples and shrines

17. Keys to each religion… Buddhism ◦Siddhartha Gautama ◦Four noble truths ◦Eight-fold path ◦Reach nirvana

18. Keys to each religion… Judaism ◦Much historic persecution ◦Torrah ◦Zionism ◦Synagogue ◦Israel

19. Questions to ask… How did each religion diffuse? How does each religion affect the cultural landscape? Where are each of the religions found today?

20. Ethnicity

21. Race vs. Ethnicity Race = biological ancestry Biologically we are all very very VERY similar (when you look at DNA). Geographers place little value on race Ethnicity = cultural traditions Come from a similar hearth or ancestry Ethnocentricity: Tendency to evaluate other cultures against the standards of one’s own

22. How does ethnicity affect the cultural landscape of the world? Of a country? Of a city? How does ethnicity promote local diversity? How does ethnicity promote or discourage globalization?

29. State: An independent, bounded, and internationally recognized territory with full sovereignty over the land and people within it Nation: Cultural unit- group that shares ancestry, regardless of whether the group owns its own country Ethnicities and Nationalities

30. Nationality: Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country Nation-state: A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality ◦Denmark Nationalism: Loyalty and devotion to a nationality ◦It is a centripetal force!

31. Multiethnic State: A state that contains more than one ethnicity ◦United States- multiple ethnicities that claim the U.S. as their nation – their nationality is American Multinational States: A state that has two ethnic groups with traditional self- determination that agree to coexist peacefully ◦Former Soviet Union (doesn’t exist. Former.) ◦Russia ◦UK Ethnicities and Nationalities

32. Ethnonationalism- feeling of belonging to a minority nation that is in a state dominated by a more powerful nation ◦Can lead to separatism ◦Irredentism- when a nation’s homeland spills into another state, so then the people on the “wrong side” want to join the other state Ethnicities and Nationalities