1. CHAPTERCHAPTER Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. TEACHERS, SCHOOLS, AND SOCIETY NINTH EDITION DAVID MILLER SADKER KAREN R. ZITTLEMAN Financing and Governing America’s Schools 9

2. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. SCHOOL SEGREGATION AND POVERTY 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% 102030405060708090100 Percentage of students in school who are black or Latino Percentage of schools with majority in poverty 9.1 Source: Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lei, “Why Segregation Matters: Poverty and Educational Inequality,” January 2005. http://www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/deseg/Why_Segreg_Matters.pdf.http://www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/deseg/Why_Segreg_Matters.pdf

3. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. THE PUBLIC EDUCATION DOLLAR: WHERE THE MONEY COMES FROM Figure 9.1 9.2 Source: Public Education Finances, 2007, U.S. Census Bureau, Feb 2009.

4. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. THE PUBLIC EDUCATION DOLLAR: WHERE THE MONEY GOES Figure 9.2 9.3 Source: Public Education Finances, 2007, U.S. Census Bureau, Feb 2009.

5. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. DOES MONEY MATTER?P. 311 1.Horatio Alger myth 2.Genetics 3.Culture of local control 4.Poverty 5.Flawed studies 6.Previous funding increases have not resulted in achievement gains 9.4

6. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. STATE RANKINGS ON PER PUPIL EXPENDITURES: SCHOOL YEAR 2005-2006 Source: Public Education Finances, 2006, U.S. Census Bureau, April 2007. 9.5 Figure 9.3

7. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. PUBLIC OPINION ON FINANCING EDUCATION Which do you think is the best way to finance the public schools – by means of local property taxes, by state taxes, or by taxes from the federal government in Washington? Source: 40 th PDK/Gallup Poll. 9.6 ’08 % ’97 % ‘86 % Local taxes202724 State taxes353433 Federal taxes373024 Don’t know8919

8. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Federal Government’s Role in Funding Education p. 313 Block Grants Categorical Grants

9. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Commercializing Childhoodp. 317 Targeted Advertising to Children: Television Schools: Brand Name Education

10. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Governing America’s Schools School Governance Quiz p. 323

11. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IMPACT THE CONDITION OF SCHOOLS Ventilation Heating Indoor air quality Acoustics or noise control Physical building security Lighting conditions Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics, Fast Response Survey System, Survey on the Condition of Public School Facilities, 1999. 9.7

12. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM Figure 9.5 9.8

13. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. WHO CONTROLS WHAT? State Governments: Levy taxes License teachers and other educators Set standards for school attendance, safety, etc. Outline minimum curricular and graduation standards (sometimes including specific textbooks to be used and competency tests for student graduation and teacher certification) Regulate the nature and size of local school districts 9.9

14. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. WHO CONTROLS WHAT? (Continued) Local School Districts: Implement state regulations and policies Create and implement local policies and practices for effective school administration Hire school personnel Provide needed funds and build appropriate facilities Fix salaries and working conditions Translate community needs into educational practice Initiate additional curriculum, licensing, or other requirements beyond state requirements Create current and long-range plans for the school district 9.10

15. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. SUPERINTENDENT PAYCHECKS Source: Educational Research Service, National Survey of Salaries and Wages in Public Schools, 2006-2007. 9.11 Figure 9.6

16. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY PRINCIPALS Source: National Center for Educational Statistics, “Public and Private School Principals by Selected Characteristics,” Condition of Education, 2007, Table 34-1. 9.12 Figure 9.7

17. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Hidden Government in School Covert Power

18. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. KEY TERMS accountability The obligation of schools and teachers to be held responsible for student performance. adequate education A legal approach that ensures educational opportunities for poorer students based on state constitution guarantees for an efficient, thorough, or uniform education. Calls for adequate education have replaced previous calls for equal educational expenditures. block grants Federal dollars provided to the states, with limited federal restrictions, for educational aid and program funding. bond A certificate of debt issued by a government guaranteeing payment of the original investment plus interest by a specified future date. Bonds are used by local communities to raise the funds they need to build or repair schools. categorical grants Financial aid to local school districts from state or federal agencies for specific purposes.

19. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. KEY TERMS chief state school officer The executive head of a state department of education. The chief state school officer is responsible for carrying out the mandates of the state board of education and enforcing educational laws and regulations. This position is also referred to as state superintendent. collaborative decision making An effort to empower teachers in which teachers share power with the school principal and actively participate in curricular, budgetary, and other school policy decisions. consolidation The trend toward combining small or rural school districts into larger ones. decentralization The trend of dividing large school districts into smaller and, it is hoped, more responsive units. educational partnership A business relationship between schools and corporations through which companies offer schools services and products and often have their corporate names used in the schools.

20. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. KEY TERMS hidden government The unofficial power structure within a school. It cannot be identified by the official title, position, or functions of individuals. For example, it reflects the potential influence of a school secretary or custodian. property tax Local real estate taxes (also cars and personal property) historically used to fund local schools. Robin Hood reformers Attempted to equalize school funding by moving money from wealthy school districts to poorer ones. school boards Elected or appointed officials who determine educational policies for school systems. site-based (school-based) management A school governance method that shifts decision making from the central district office to individual schools. See also school-based management.

21. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. KEY TERMS state board of education The state education agency that regulates policies necessary to implement legislative acts related to education. state department of education An agency that operates under the direction of the state board of education, accrediting schools, certifying teachers, appropriating state school funds, and so on. Tenth Amendment The constitutional Amendment that establishes that areas not specifically mentioned in the Constitution as federal responsibilities are left to state authority. Since education is not mentioned, each state is free to create its own school system.

22. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. FOCUS QUESTIONS 1.Why do teachers need to know about finance and governance? 2.How is the property tax connected to unequal educational funding? 3.What is the distinction between educational equity and educational adequacy? 4.What are the sources of state revenues? 5.How does the federal government influence education? 6.How does commercialization at home and in school affect children? 7.What current trends are shaping educational finance? 8.How do school boards and superintendents manage schools? 9.What is the "hidden" government of schools? 10.How does the business community influence school culture? 11.How are schools being made more responsive to teachers and the community?