1. Presented by Lance Hummel

3. Survey of Irrigation Canals

4. Railway Surveys

5. Construction Surveys

6. Property Boundary Surveys

7. Pipeline Assembly

8. Survey of Roads

9. Bridges

10. Survey around Obstacles

11. The origin of the curve

12. It starts with the circle

13. Circle 360 o

14. Diameter (d) 180 o d

15. Radius (R) R

16. Central Angle / Delta

17. Center of Curve (cc) cc

18. Beginning (BC) and End (EC) BC EC

19. Arc / Length (L) L

20. Chord (CH) CH

21. The Basic Components BC EC CH L R cc

22. The Curve in Survey Applications

23. Where does the curve fit

24. Back and Forward Tangent 90 o

25. Point of Curvature and Tangency PC PT

26. Sub Tangent (T) T

27. Point of Intersection (PI) PI

28. Delta

29. Half Delta 90 o cc PI 2

30. Mid-Ordinate (M) M

31. External (E) E

32. Curve Components R cc BC, PCEC, PT CH L T PI E M

33. Degree of Curve (D) D 100’ or 30.48m

34. Examples of Formulas  Tangent = R tan  Chord = 2R sin  Length = 0.0174533 R 2 2