1. B.A. FINAL PAPER -B UNIT -1 CHAPTER-2 CONGRESS OF BERLIN 1878 Dr. Harmeet Sethi

2.  CIRCUMSTANCES *During end of 18 th century-Turkey weak –called ‘Sick Man of Europe’ *European Powers got interested in Turkey *Clash and Conflicts *Known as ‘Eastern Question’ > CAUSES OF RIVALRY-POWERFUL NATION IN TURKEY: *Weakness of Turkish Empire *Problem of Religion *Birth of Nationalism > POWERFUL NATIONS-INVOLVED IN TURKEY: *England-Russia-Austria-Germany-France > IMPORTANT INCIDENTS IN TURKEY: *Greek War of Independence(1821-29) *Turkey and Egypt (1830-40) *The Crimean War (1854-56) *Russo-Turkish war (1877-78)

3. > CAUSES OF RUSSO –TURKISH WAR OR CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO TREATY OF BERLIN * Revolt in Herzegovina and Bosnia * Pan-Slav Movement in Russia * Andrassy note * Berlin Memorandun-failure * Revolt in Bulgaria * War of Montenegro and Serbia against Turkey * Agreement between Russia and Austria * Constantinople Conference-failure * War declaration-by Russia * April 1877A.D.- war started * Turkey defeated * San-Stefano Treaty-3 rd march 1878 > OPPOSITION OF TREATY * Threat-Russia agreed

4. o CONGRESS OF BERLIN * Conference at Berlin * Berlin (Capital of Germany) * Bismarck-President * Prominent Leaders- Bismarck-Germany Disraeli-England Count Corti-Italy Wadington-France Adressy-Austria Gortschakoff-Russia

5. o PROVISIONS OF TREATY * Recognition given to free states of Serbia, Rumania and Montenegro * Russia got parts of Asia Minor and Bessarabia * Cyprus Island to England * Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria * Division of Bulgaria * Sultan agreed for Reforms

6. o SIGNIFICANCE OF CONGRESS OF BERLIN * Supremacy of Bismarck * Political Gain to England * Conflict between Russia and England * Political defeat of Russia * Gain to Austria * Conflict between Austria and Russia * Conflict between Russia and Germany * Austro-German Treaty 1879 A.D. * Triple Alliance 1882 A,D. * Rise of New States * Harmful for Turkey

7. o CRITICISM OF BERLIN TREATY * Turkey—Disintegration * Big Powers—Selfish * Main Cause of First World War * Not Permanent o POSITIVE SIDE OF BERLIN TREATY * Establishment of Peace * Based on Liberal Principles