1. Personal Development Health and Physical Education HSC Enrichment Day 2014 Core 1 Health Priorities in Australia

2. The Role of Epidemiology The health status of a country or community is determined by combining the health status of each member of the population. Therefore, Australia’s health status is a reflection of the status of all individual Australians. (Gunstone et al, 2009, p. 8) Epidemiology is… The study of causes and distribution of sickness and death of a population It is the study of disease among particular populations or groups within society Epidemiology is… The study of causes and distribution of sickness and death of a population It is the study of disease among particular populations or groups within society

3. The key measures used to determine health status are: Video Clip. Mortality The number of deaths from a condition and/or in a group during a specific period of time (death rates) Morbidity Ill health, illness or disease in an individual and levels of ill health in a population group Infant Mortality Refers to children <1 year of age who die of any cause Life Expectancy Refers to how long an individual is expected to live Measures of Epidemiology Current Trends Current Trends

4. Measures of Epidemiology Current Trends Measure of Epidemiology TrendReason Mortality Improvements in road safety measures, falls in smoking rates. Improvements in prevention, detection and treatment of diseases. Morbidity Illness/disease with the biggest ‘burden’ being largely treatable; an increase in certain risk factors such as body mass and high blood pressure Life Expectancy The control of infectious diseases, improved hygiene and sanitation, advances in medical care, better working conditions and nutrition, health education and reductions in smoking. Infant Mortality Changes in behaviours, exposures, health interventions, social and environmental circumstances and the effects of medical and technological advances.

5. Cancer Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start. For example, cancer that begins in the lung is called lung cancer; cancer that begins in the melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.

6. Cancer Graph 6 Graph 5 Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012

7. The term cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and includes conditions such as: CVD ConditionAlso known as… Coronary heart diseaseIschaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular diseaseStroke HypertensionHigh blood pressure Peripheral vascular diseaseHeart disease in the legs and feet Myocardial infarctionHeart attack Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

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9. An injury is the physical damage (for example, a bruise, broken bone or brain damage) that results when a human body is suddenly or briefly subjected to intolerable levels of energy. There are many causes of injury, including being struck by an object (for example, a car), cut by a knife, falling, or coming in contact with fire or a toxic chemical. The focus here is on the causes of injury (referred to as ‘external causes’) rather than the physical damage. (AIHW, 2012) There are many causes of injury, including being struck by an object (for example, a car), cut by a knife, falling, or coming in contact with fire or a toxic chemical. The focus here is on the causes of injury (referred to as ‘external causes’) rather than the physical damage. (AIHW, 2012) Injuries are further categorised into two main types: 1.Unintentional (for example, motor vehicle crashes, falls) 2.Intentional (for example, assault, self-harm). (AIHW, 2012) Injuries are further categorised into two main types: 1.Unintentional (for example, motor vehicle crashes, falls) 2.Intentional (for example, assault, self-harm). (AIHW, 2012) Injury

10. Injury Graph 9.

11. Risk and Protective Factors Chronic disease is related to diet and are a major cause of death and disability in Australia, and their prevalence is steadily increasing. Almost 60% of Australians aged 15 & over do not do enough physical activity to benefit their health. Being overweight or obese. Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable cause of ill health and death in Australia. Excessive use of alcohol leads to substantial health and social harms each year. Risk Factors: Protective Factors: Screening Regular check-ups Educational programs OH&S legislation Seeking support networks Managing stress Wear protective clothing

12. Determinants SocioculturalSocioeconomicEnvironmental Cancer Young females smoking Habits:“tanning” culture  smoking rates in unemployed  education levels; awareness eg. screening Outdoor workers Workplace hazards/chemicals Rural/remote CVD Family history Gender: males ATSI  income and unemployment Rural/remote Injury ATSI Risk taking in males Social pressure Relationship breakdown  income and unemployment Workplace hazards Rural/remote Unsafe environments

13. Groups at Risk Indigenous Australians Socioeconomically disadvantaged communities People who live in rural and remote regions of Australia Males and Females Cancer Indigenous Australians Socioeconomically disadvantaged communities People who live in rural and remote regions of Australia Elderly CVD Elderly (falls) ATSI Children (drowning) Young Males (MVA’s, mental health injuries) Injury