1. Topic: Genetics Aim: Explain the basic principles of genetics. Do Now: Take out your metamorphosis ISA. HW: Genetics Reading notes due tomorrow.

2. 1.Identify structure X. Support your answer. 2.Describe the function of the structure X. 3.Why do the sperm nuclei travel into the ovules? 4.Describe what occurs to the flower once all eggs in the ovary are fertilized. Pollen tube Enables POLLEN (sperm nuclei) to travel into the ovary. For fertilization. Ovules turn into seeds. Ovaries turn into fruit.

3. A B C embryo cotyledon seed coat 1.Identify all structures labeled in the diagram. 2.Describe the function of structure C. Stores food for embryo

4. An adaptation for reproduction in most terrestrial organisms is (1) regeneration (2) internal fertilization (3) mitosis (4) external fertilization

5. External fertilization occurs most often in 1.mammals and birds 2.reptiles and birds 3.amphibians and reptiles 4.fish and amphibians

6. Which represents binary fission? Support your answer.

7. Gregor Mendel1. Identify the founder of genetics.

8. Pea plants2. Identify the organism Mendel investigated.

9. Genetic inheritance 3. Identify what Mendel investigated?

10. Identify the traits Mendel observed when working with pea plants. A B C D E F G

11. To predict the probability and outcome of genetic inheritance 4. Explain what a Punnett Square is used for.

13. Alleles or alternate forms of the same gene 5. Identify what genes consist of. A B C Replicated chromosome Gene DNA

15. 1.Identify the two alleles for eye color in fruit flies. 2.How many alleles are necessary for this trait?

17. As dominant OR recessive 6. How are alleles expressed?

18. The genetic makeup of an organism. 7. Describe genotype.

19. The observed characteristics of an organism. 8. Describe phenotype.

20. Color Shape Size Behavior 9. Identify some examples of phenotype.

21. Phenotype depends on genotype. 10. Describe the relationship between phenotype and genotype. (What does phenotype depend on?) BbBrown

22. Explain the meaning of this statement.

23. TWO 11. How many alleles represent the genes for a trait? Gene from dad Gene from mom

24. Capital letter B Lower case letter b 12. Identify the letter representing a dominant gene. 13. Identify the letter representing a recessive gene.

25. 2 alleles or genes that are the same Ex: BB or bb 14. Describe what a homozygous pair of alleles consists of.

26. Homozygous dominant Ex: BB 15. Identify the pair of alleles that consist of two dominant genes.

27. Homozygous recessive Ex: bb 16. Identify the pair of alleles that consist of two recessive genes.

28. One dominant and one recessive gene Ex: Bb 17. Identify what a heterozygous pair of alleles consists of.

29. Hybrid 18. Identify another term with the same meaning as heterozygous.

30. It is always expressed unless there are two recessive genes. Ex: –BB –Bb 19. When will a dominant gene be expressed?

31. When there are two recessive genes. Ex: bb 20. When will a recessive gene be expressed?

32. The allele for brown eyes is dominant. The allele for blue eyes is recessive. Why does Bb combination result in brown eyes and not blue?

34. 1. The trait for height in pea plants can be represented by using the letter “T.” T represents the allele for tall and t represents the allele for short. a.What do we call the genotype for TT? b. What is the phenotype for TT? c. What do we call the genotype for tt? d. What is the phenotype for tt ? e. What do we call the genotype for Tt ? f. What is the phenotype for Tt ? Homozygousdominant Tall Homozygousrecessive short Heterozygous tall

35. 2. The trait for seed color in pea plants can be represented by using the letter “G.” G represents the allele for green seeds and g represents the allele for yellow seeds. a.What do we call the genotype for gg? b. What is the phenotype for gg? c. What do we call the genotype for Gg? d. What is the phenotype for Gg? e. What do we call the genotype for GG? f. What is the phenotype for GG? Homozygous dominant yellow Homozygous recessive green Heterozygous green

36. 3. The trait for seed shape in pea plants can be represented by using the letter “R.” R represents the allele for round seeds and r represents the allele for wrinkled seeds. a.What do we call the genotype for rr? b. What is the phenotype for rr? c. What do we call the genotype for Rr? d. What is the phenotype for Rr? e. What do we call the genotype for RR? f. What is the phenotype for RR? Homozygous dominant wrinkled Homozygous recessive Round Heterozygous Round

37. 4. The trait for flower color in pea plants can be represented by using the letter “P.” P represents the allele for purple flowers and p represents the allele for white flowers. a.What do we call the genotype for pp? b. What is the phenotype for pp? c. What do we call the genotype for Pp? d. What is the phenotype for Pp? e. What do we call the genotype for PP? f. What is the phenotype for PP? Homozygous dominant White flowers Homozygous recessive Purple Heterozygous Purple

38. Conclusion Questions: 1.Contrast genotype and phenotype. 2. Contrast a homozygous pair of alleles and heterozygous pair of alleles. 3. Identify the 3 possible genotype combinations (NAMES, NOT LETTERS) Homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant Heterozygous Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, phenotype is the observed characteristics. Homoszygous is two of the SAME alleles. Heterozygous are two different alleles.

39. DOMINANT RECESSIVE F f

40. DOMINANTRECESSIVE H h

41. W = widow’s peak w = straight hairline

42. P = bent pinkie p = straight pinkie (cannot bend inwards)

43. E = attached earlobes e = unattached earlobes

44. R = Rolling of the tongue r = cannot roll tongue

45. C = Cleft chin c = smooth chin

46. D = Dimples d = Without dimples

48. Let’s summarize… 1.Explain what is studied in genetics. 2.Who is the father of genetics? What did he use in his experiments? 3.How many alleles are needed for every trait? 4.Explain the difference between a dominant and recessive gene. 5.Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype. 6.Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous.

49. Sometimes tens, or even hundreds of genes can play a role in just one trait! Melanin, a brown pigment, is controlled by the following genes: brown-blue gene on chromosome 15 green-blue gene on chromosome 19 Another brown-type gene was also discovered on chromosome 15. Recently, a gene for a brownish yellow pigment, lipofuscin, that appears in amber, green and violet irises was discovered. And there's likely at least one other gene, not yet located, that plays a role in iris color.

50. Goldfish have 96 chromosomes in each cell while humans only have 46. Dogs have 78 chromosomes. And here’s the real shocker, a fern has 512 chromosomes.

52. You can easily see that the skin on your fingertips is folded into patterns called dermal ridges. They form whorls, arches and loops. The # of dermal ridges in a fingerprint pattern is determined by genetics, but the pattern can also be changed early in pregnancy. During weeks 6-13, the fetus touches the finger and toe pads to the wall of the amniotic sac which sometimes can alter the ridge pattern. This is why the fingerprints of identical twins are not exactly alike, even though they have identical genes.