1. Test Review Mrs. Brennan-Stover Chapter 9

2. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency George Washington was unanimously chosen by the Electoral college to become the first president. His runner up, John Adams, became his vice- president. Washington was inaugurated, or sworn in, on April 30, 1789, in New York, the US capital at the time.

3. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency As the first president Washington set many precedents, examples, that would show what the job of the president actually was. It took Congress one-month of debate simply to decide what to call him. “Mr. President” was eventually agreed upon. It was up to Washington and the nation’s new Congress to determine how the new government should run.

4. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Setting Up the Courts The Constitution created the Supreme Court but left the determination of the number of justices and the creation of the lower courts to Congress. Washington appointed John Jay chief justice.

5. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Setting Up the Courts Congress passed the Federal Judiciary Act in 1789 to create a court system. The act gave the Supreme Court six members (now nine). Provided for the creation of other lower, less powerful federal courts.

6. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Setting Up the Courts Washington appointed John Jay chief justice.

7. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Washington’s Cabinet A cabinet was not literally written into the Constitution but Congressionally created executive departments were, as was the ability of the president to seek information from those departments.

8. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Washington’s Cabinet Washington’s Cabinet consisted of four members. Henry Knox – Secretary of War Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the Treasury Edmund Randolph – Attorney General Washington called together these men to assist him with the many issues and problems he had to face.

9. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Economic Problems and Hamilton’s Financial Plan The Government needed to pay its war debts from the Revolutionary War. They owed money to France, the Netherlands, Spain and American citizens who had loaned money to the government. The states also had wartime debts to pay back.

10. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Economic Problems and Hamilton’s Financial Plan Hamilton’s plan reflected his belief in a strong central government which had more power than the state governments. He believed the government should encourage business and industry because he felt the nation’s prosperity depended on them.

11. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Economic Problems and Hamilton’s Financial Plan Hamilton’s plan had three steps to improve the nation’s finances. paying off all war debts (that of the national gov’t and the states) raising government revenues creating a national bank

12. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Economic Problems and Hamilton’s Financial Plan Not everyone agreed with Hamilton’s plan. Many southern states had already repaid their debts and did not like being asked to help Northern states pay theirs. Jefferson won Southern support with an agreement to locate the nation’s new capital in the south. Jefferson and Madison felt that a national bank was unconstitutional.

13. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Economic Problems and Hamilton’s Financial Plan Raising Revenue – Tariffs A tariff is a tax on imported goods. Tariffs served two purposes: raising money for the government encouraging the growth of American industry

14. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Economic Problems and Hamilton’s Financial Plan The National Bank The Bank would serve several purposes. It would give the government a place to keep money. It would loan money to businesses and the government. It would issue bank notes – paper money. A National Bank was never mentioned in the Constitution.

15. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Interpreting the Constitution Strict Construction a narrow or strict interpretation The government has only those powers the Constitution says it has. Supported by Jefferson and Madison

16. Section 1: Washington’s Presidency Interpreting the Constitution Loose Construction A broad or flexible interpretation When the Constitution grants a power to Congress, the elastic clause grants the “necessary and proper” means to carry out that power. Supported by Hamilton

17. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t Securing the Northwest Territory Despite the 1783 Treaty of Paris there were still competing claims for these lands. Spain held much of North America west of the Mississippi as well as Florida and New Orleans. Native Americans strongly resisted white settlement in the Northwest Territory. In violation of the Treaty of Paris, the British still had forts north of the Ohio River in addition to their lands in Canada.

18. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t The Battle of Fallen Timbers The Miami and their allies clashed with an American force near Fort Miami. The Native American’s were defeated by a force led by “Mad Anthony” Wayne The loss crushed Native American hopes of keeping their lands in the Northwest Territory In the resulting Treaty of Greenville the tribes surrendered much of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the US.

19. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t The Whiskey Rebellion Conflict over the government’s tax on whiskey. Resulted in a group of farmers revolting against the tax. Washington feared that not acting would undermine the new government and weaken it’s authority. His show of force demonstrated that the government had both the power and the will to enforce laws.

20. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t The French Revolution A 1789 revolution for liberty and equality in France which resulted in violence. European powers feared it’s spread. Resulted in war between France and Britain.

21. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t The Revolution put the US in an awkward position. France had been America’s ally against the British during the American Revolution and they were still bound by a treaty. Britain was the United States’s largest trading partner. Jefferson and many others felt that a move to crush the revolution was an attack on liberty. Hamilton saw British trade as too important to risk war.

22. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t French Revolution Washington declared the US would remain neutral, or not side with one country or another. Congress passed a law forbidding the US to help either side.

23. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t Jay’s Treaty Britain began seizing cargoes of US ships carrying goods from the French West Indies. Chief Justice John Jay went to England to negotiate a treaty.

24. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t Jay’s Treaty The treaty succeeded in several ways. Britain agreed to pay damages for US vessels they had seized. Britain agreed to leave the Ohio Valley by 1796. Jay did not succeed in opening trade with the British West Indies or getting compensation for slaves abducted during the Revolution.

25. Section 2: Challenges to the New Gov’t Pinckney’s Treaty Thomas Pinckney eased tensions along the frontier by negotiating with Spain. Gave Americans the right to travel freely on the Mississippi River. Gave Americans he right to store goods at the Port of New Orleans without paying customs duties. Spain accepted the 31 st parallel as the northern boundary between Florida and the United States.

26. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge Washington Retires After two terms Washington decided to retire. This precedent of two terms stuck for many presidents to follow. He wrote an address to the American people announcing he would not seek a third term and giving advice to his predecessors.

27. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge Washington’s Farewell Address Advice Washington warned against political parties indicating that the differences they emphasized could weaken the nation. Washington advised that the US continue a foreign policy based on neutrality and “steer clear of permanent alliances” which might work against US interests.

28. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge Growth of Political Parties Despite Washington’s advice the first political parties arose out of his own cabinet. Jefferson and Madison disagreed with Hamilton over the interpretation of the Constitution. They also debated on the direction the new nation should take.

29. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The Democratic-Republicans Founded by Jefferson and Madison The party name reflected their strong belief in democracy and the republican system. Supported by farmers and workers (tradespeople)

30. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The Democratic Republicans Party Platform Limited National Government Fear of rule by one person or a powerful few Strict Construction of the Constitution Opposed national bank Economy based on farming

31. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The Federalist Party Founded by Hamilton Supported a strong national government Supported by merchants and manufacturers.

32. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The Federalist Party Platform Strong National Government Fear of mob rule Loose Construction of the Constitution Favored national bank Economy based on manufacturing and shipping

33. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The 1796 election was the first in which political parties competed. John Adams (F) was elected president. Thomas Jefferson (D-R) was elected vice president.

34. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge Problems with France In 1797 Britain and France were still at war. France began seizing US ships to prevent them from trading with the British. Adams hoped that talks would restore calm.

35. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The XYZ Affair For weeks US delegates could not get a meeting with the French Minister of Foreign Affairs. Three French Agents said the minister would hold talks if the US would loan France $10 million and pay the minister a bribe of $250,000.

36. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The XYZ Affair The US refused to pay to meet with the minister. Congress canceled its treaties with France and allowed U.S. ships to seize French vessels. Congress set aside money to expand the navy and army.

37. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge Conflict with France made Adams and the Federalists popular with the public. Many Democratic-Republicans were sympathetic to France and criticized the Federalist run government Angered by criticism in a time of crisis, Adams blamed the Democratic-Republican newspapers and new immigrants who often were supporters of the Democratic-Republican party.

38. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The Alien and Sedition Acts To silence their critics, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. These acts targeted aliens – immigrants who were not yet citizens and the newspapers.

39. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The Alien and Sedition Acts Acts impacting aliens: Increased waiting period for becoming a citizen from 5 to 14 years. Gave the president power to arrest disloyal aliens or order them out of the country during wartime.

40. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge Alien and Sedition Acts Act impacting Newspapers: Sedition was outlawed. This made is illegal to say or write anything false or harmful about the government. This clamped down on freedom of the press. 25 Democratic-Republican newspaper editors were charged under this act with expressing opinions damaging to the government. 10 were convicted.

41. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge States’ Rights Democratic-Republicans found a way to fight this law through a theory called states’ rights. This theory said that states had the right to judge when the federal government passed an unconstitutional law. The Virginia and Kentucky legislatures passed resolutions declaring that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Constitution. Within two years Democratic-Republicans won control of Congress and repealed the Acts or let them expire.

42. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge Peace with France Adams reopened talks with France. The two sides quickly agreed to stop all naval attacks. The Convention of 1800 as it was called cleared the way for US and French ships to sail in peace. Adams made many enemies among the Federalists for this treaty but spoke proudly of having saved the nation from bloodshed.

43. Section 3: The Federalists in Charge The Democratic-Republicans in Charge Adams lost the election of 1800. Thomas Jefferson becomes the third president of the United States.